Part 30

Thus (_a._) in the active construction: #illum laudābunt bonī, hunc etiam ipsī culpābunt malī#, Pl. _B._ 397, _the one the good will praise, the other e’en the bad themselves will blame_. In the passive: #laudātur ab hīs, culpātur ab illīs#, H. _S._ 1, 2, 11, _he’s praised by some, by others blamed_. Active: #cīvēs Rōmānōs interficiunt#, 7, 3, 1, _they slay some citizens of Rome_. Passive: #Indutiomarus interficitur#, 5, 58, 6, _Indutiomarus is slain_. (_b._) Active: #mīlitēs certiōrēs facit#, 3, 5, 3, _he informs the soldiers_. Passive: #certior factus est#, 2, 34, _he was informed_.

1474. Verbs which have two accusatives, one of the person and one of the thing in the active voice, generally have the person as subject in the passive, less frequently the thing: see 1171.

1475. An emphasizing or defining accusative, or an accusative of extent or duration, is occasionally made the subject of a passive: as,

#haec illīc est pugnāta pugna#, Pl. _Am._ 253, _this fight was fought off there_ (1140). #tōta mihī dormītur hiems#, Mart. 13, 59, 1, _all winter long by me is slept_, i.e. #tōtam dormiō hiemem# (1151).

1476. The person by whom the action is done is put in the ablative with #ab# or #ā# (1318); the thing by which it is done is put in the instrumental ablative (1377); as,

(_a._) #nōn numquam latrō ā viātōre occīditur#, _Mil._ 55, _once in a while the robber gets killed by the wayfarer_. #respondit, ā cīve sē spoliārī mālle quam ab hoste vēnīre#, Quintil. 12, 1, 43, _he said in reply that he would rather be plundered by a Roman than sold by an enemy_ (1471). (_b._) #ūnīus virī prūdentiā Graecia līberāta est#, N. 2, 5, 3, _Greece was saved from slavery by the sagacity of a single man_, i.e. Themistocles. Very often, however, the person or thing is not expressed, particularly with impersonals.

1477. When the person is represented as a mere instrument, the ablative is used without #ab# (1378); and when collectives, animals, or things without life are personified, the ablative takes #ab# (1318): as,

(_a._) #neque vērō minus Platō dēlectātus est Diōne#, N. 10, 2, 3, _and Plato on his part was just as much bewitched with Dion_. (_b._) #eius ōrātiō ā multitūdine et ā forō dēvorābātur#, _Br._ 283, _his oratory was swallowed whole by the untutored many and by the bar_.

1478. Sometimes the person by whom the action is done is indicated by the dative of the possessor: see 1216. And regularly with the gerund and gerundive construction (2243).

1479. Only verbs of transitive use have ordinarily a complete passive. Verbs of intransitive use have only the impersonal forms of the passive (1034): as,

#diū atque ācriter pugnātum est#, 1, 26, 1, _there was long and sharp fighting_. #tōtīs trepidātur castrīs#, 6, 37, 6, _all through the camp there was tumult and affright_. #mihī̆ quidem persuādērī numquam potuit, animōs ēmorī#, _CM._ 80, _for my part, I never could be convinced that the soul becomes extinct at death_ (1181). Similarly verbs which have a transitive use may also be used impersonally: as, #di͡ēs noctīsque ēstur, bibitur#, Pl. _Most._ 235, _there is eating and drinking all day and all night_ (1133).

1480. The complementary dative of a verb in the active voice is in poetry very rarely made the subject of a passive verb: as, #invideor#, H. _AP._ 56, _I am envied_. #imperor#, H. _E._ 1, 5, 21, _I charge myself_.

1481. The passive had originally a reflexive meaning, which is still to be seen in the passive of many verbs: as,

#exercēbātur plūrimum currendō et lūctandō#, N. 15, 2, 4, _he took a great deal of exercise in running and wrestling_. #dēnsōs fertur in hostīs#, V. 2, 511, _he tries to charge upon the serried foes_. #quod semper movētur, aeternum est#, _TD._ 1, 53, _anything that is always moving, is eternal_.

1482. The present participle of reflexives is sometimes used in a reflexive sense: as, #exercēns#, _exercising oneself_, _exercising_, #ferēns#, _tearing along_, #vehēns#, _riding_, and #invehēns#, _mounted on_, #pāscēns#, _browsing_, #versāns#, _playing_, _being_, #volvēns#, _rolling_. Also the gerund: as, #iūs vehendī#, _the privilege of riding_.

1483. Passive forms of #coepī# and #dēsinō# are commonly used in the perfect system, when a dependent infinitive is passive: as,

#litterīs ōrātiō est coepta mandārī#, _Br._ 26, _oratory began to be put in black and white_. #veterēs ōrātiōnēs legī sunt dēsitae#, _Br._ 123, _the old speeches ceased to be read_. But the active forms are sometimes used by Cornificius, Sallust, and Livy, and regularly by Tacitus. The

## active forms are used with #fierī# also, which is not passive (789); but

even with #fierī#, Livy uses the passive forms.

1484. Similar attractions with a passive infinitive occur in #potestur#, &c., #quītur# and #quitus sum#, #nequītur#, &c., rarely, and mostly in old Latin: as, #fōrma in tenebrīs nōscī nōn quitast#, T. _Hec._ 572, _her shape could hardly be distinguished in the dark_.

1485. Some perfect participles have an active meaning: as, #adultus#, _grown up_. See 907, and also in the dictionary #cautus#, #cōnsultus#, #concrētus#, #dēflāgrātus#, #incōnsīderātus#, #occāsus#, #nūpta#.

[Erratum: 1482 ... as, #exercēns# as.]

DEPONENTS.

1486. Many verbs have only passive inflections, but with the meaning of

## active inflections. Such verbs are called _Deponents_.

1487. In many deponents, a reflexive, passive, or reciprocal action is still clearly to be seen: as,

#nāscor#, _am born_; #moror#, _delay myself_, _get delayed_; #ūtor#, _avail myself_; #amplectimur#, _hug each other_; #fābulāmur#, _talk together_; #partīmur#, _share with one another_.

1488. Some verbs have both active and deponent inflections: as, #adsentiō#, _agree_, more commonly #adsentior#. #mereō#, _earn_, and #mereor#, _deserve_. See also in the dictionary #altercor#, #auguror#, #comitor#, #cōnflīctor#, #fabricor#, #faeneror#, #mūneror#, #ōscitor#, #palpor#, #populor#, #revertor#. The following have active inflections in the present system and deponent inflections in the perfect system: #audeō#, #cōnfīdō# and #diffīdō#, #gaudeō#, #soleō#: see also 801.

1489. In old Latin especially, many verbs which afterwards became fixed as deponents occur with active inflections also: as, #adūlō#, #arbitrō#, #aucupō#, #auspicō#, #lūctō#, #lūdificō#, #morō#, #partiō#, #venerō#, &c., &c.

1490. Verbs which are usually deponent are rarely found with a passive meaning: as, #Sūllānās rēs dēfendere crīminor#, _LAgr._ 3, 13, _I am charged with defending Sulla’s policy_.

1491. When it is desirable to express the passive of a deponent, a synonyme is sometimes used: thus, the passive of #mīror#, _admire_, may sometimes be represented by #laudor#, _am praised_. Or some circumlocution: as, #habet venerātiōnem quidquid excellit#, _DN._ 1, 45, _anything best in its kind is looked on with respect_, as passive of #veneror#. #familia in suspīciōnem est vocāta#, _V._ 5, 10, _the household was suspected_, as passive of #suspicor#.

1492. The perfect participle of deponents is sometimes used with a passive meaning. Some of the commonest of these participles are: #adeptus#, #commentus#, #complexus#, #cōnfessus#, #ēmentītus#, #expertus#, #meditātus#, #opīnātus#, #pactus#, #partītus#, #testātus#, &c., &c.

MOOD.

THE INDICATIVE MOOD.

DECLARATIONS.

1493. The indicative mood is used in simple, absolute declarations: as,

#arma virumque canō#, V. 1, 1, _arms and the man I sing_. #leve fit quod bene fertur onus#, O. _A._ 4, 2, 10, _light gets the load that’s bravely borne_.

1494. The negative used with the indicative is commonly #nōn#, _not_ (1443). For other negative expressions, see 1445-1451.

1495. Certain verbs and verbal expressions denoting ability, duty, propriety, necessity, and the like, mostly with an infinitive, are regularly put in the indicative, even when the action of the infinitive is not performed.

This applies to declarations, questions, or exclamations: as, (_a._) #possum dē ichneumonum ūtilitāte dīcere, sed nōlō esse longus#, _DN._ 1, 101, _I might expatiate on the usefulness of the ichneumon, but I do not care to be long-winded_. #inter ferās satius est aetātem dēgere quam in hāc tantā immānitāte versārī#, _RA._ 150, _it would be better to pass your days in the midst of howling beasts than to live and move among such brutish men_. (_b._) #stultī erat sperāre#, _Ph._ 2. 23, _it would have been folly to hope_. #quid enim facere poterāmus?# _Pis._ 13, _for what else could we have done?_ (_c._) #licuit uxōrem genere summō dūcere#, Pl. _MG._ 680, _I might have married a wife of high degree_. #nōn potuit pīctor rēctius dēscrībere eius fōrmam#, Pl. _As._ 402, _no painter could have hit his likeness more exactly_. (_d._) #quantō melius fuerat prōmissum patris nōn esse servātum#, _Off._ 3, 94, _how much better it would have been, for the father’s word not to have been kept_.

1496. The principal verbs and verbal expressions thus used are: (_a._) #possum#, #licet#, #dēbeō#, #oportet#, #convenit#, #decet#. (_b._) #aequum#, #aequius#, #iūstum#, #fās#, #necesse est#; #cōnsentāneum#, #satis#, #satius#, #optābile#, #optābilius est#; #ūtilius#, #melius#, #optimum#, #pār#, #rēctum est#; #facile#, #difficile#, #grave#, #īnfīnītum#, #longum#, #magnum est#; #est# with the predicative genitive, or a possessive pronoun (1237). (_c._) Similarly, but without an infinitive, forms of #sum# with a gerund, a gerundive, or a future

## participle.

1497. The imperfect of most of the above verbs and verbal expressions often relates to action not performed at the present time: as,

#hīs aliās poteram subnectere causās; sed eundum est#, J. 3, 315, _to these I might add other grounds; but I must go_. The context must determine whether the imperfect relates (_a._) to action not performed either in the present as here, or in the past as in 1495, or (_b._) to

## action performed in the past: as, #sollicitāre poterat, audēbat#, _C._

3, 16, _he had at once the assurance and the ability to play the tempter’s part_.

1498. Forms of #possum# are sometimes put in the subjunctive (1554). Thus, #possim#, &c., often (1556), also #possem#, &c., usually of present time (1560), less frequently of past time (1559), #potuissem#, &c., particularly in sentences of negative import (1561), rarely #potuerim#, &c. (1558). Sometimes also #dēbērem#, &c., of present time (1560), #dēbuissem#, &c., chiefly in apodosis.

QUESTIONS.

1499. The indicative is the mood ordinarily used in enquiries and in exclamations: as,

(_a._) #huic ego ‘studēs?’ inquam. respondit ‘etiam.’ ‘ubī̆?’ ‘Mediōlānī.’ ‘cūr nōn hīc?’ ‘quia nūllōs hīc praeceptōrēs habēmus,’# Plin. _Ep._ 4, 13, 3, _said I to the boy, ‘do you go to school?’ ‘yes, sir,’ said he; ‘where?’ ‘at Mediolanum;’ ‘why not here?’ ‘oh because we haven’t any teachers here.’_ (_b._) #ut ego tuum amōrem et dolōrem dēsīderō#, _Att._ 3, 11, 12, _how I always feel the absence of your affectionate sympathy_.

1500. Questions and exclamations are used much more freely in Latin than in English. Particularly common are two questions, of which the first is short and general, leading up to the real question: as,

#sed quid ais? ubi nunc adulēscēns habet?# Pl. _Tri._ 156, _but tell me, where is the youngster living now?_ #estne? vīcī? et tibī̆ saepe litterās dō?# Cael. in _Fam._ 8, 3, 1, _is it true? have I beaten? and do I write to you often?_ The real question is often preceded by #quid est#, #quid dīcis#, or by #quid#, #quid vērō#, #quid tum#, #quid posteā#, #quid igitur#, #quid ergō#, &c., &c.: as, #quid? canis nōnne similis lupō?# _DN._ 1, 97, _why, is not the dog like the wolf?_

1501. There are two kinds of questions: (1.) Such questions as call for the answer _yes_ or _no_ in English: as, _is he gone?_ These may conveniently be called _Yes or No Questions_. (2.) Questions introduced by an interrogative pronoun, or by a word derived from an interrogative pronoun: as, _who is gone?_ _where is he?_ These are called _Pronoun Questions_.

YES OR NO QUESTIONS.

1502. (1.) Yes or No questions are sometimes put without any interrogative particle: as,

#Thraex est Gallīna Syrō pār?# H. _S._ 2, 5, 44, of two gladiators, _is Thracian Bantam for the Syrian a match?_ Often intimating censure: as, #rogās?# Pl. _Aul._ 634, _dost ask?_ or _what an absurd question_. #prōmpsistī tū illī vīnum? :: nōn prōmpsī#, Pl. _MG._ 830, _thou hast been broaching wine for him? :: not I_. Especially with #nōn#: as, #patēre tua cōnsilia nōn sentīs?# _C._ 1, 1, _you don’t see that your schemes are out?_ It is often doubtful whether such sentences are questions, exclamations, or declarations.

1503. (2.) Yes or No questions are usually introduced by one of the interrogative particles #-ne# or #-n#, #nōnne#, #num#, #an#, #anne#.

1504. A question with #-ne# or #-n# may enquire simply, without any implication as to the character of the answer, or it may either expect an affirmative answer like #nōnne#, or less frequently a negative answer like #num#: as,

(_a._) #valen?# Pl. _Tri._ 50, _art well?_ #habētin aurum?# Pl. _B._ 269, _have you got the gold?_ (_b._) #iussīn in splendōrem darī bullās hās foribus?# Pl. _As._ 426, _didn’t I give orders to polish up the bosses of the door?_ #facitne ut dixī?# Pl. _Am._ 526, _isn’t he acting as I said?_ (_c._) #istō immēnsō spatiō quaerō, Balbe, cūr Pronoea vestra cessāverit. labōremne fugiēbat?# _DN._ 1, 22, _I want to know, Balbus, why your people’s Providence lay idle all that immeasurable time; it was work she was shirking, was it?_ #quid, mundum praeter hunc umquamne vīdistī? negābis#, _DN._ 1, 96, _tell me, did you ever see any universe except this one? you will say no_.

1505. Sometimes the #-ne# of an interrogative sentence is transferred to a following relative, chiefly in Plautus and Terence: as, #rogās? quīne arrabōnem ā mē accēpistī ob mulierem?# Pl. _R._ 860, _how can you ask, when you have got the hansel for the girl from me?_ Similarly, #ō sērī studiōrum, quīne putētis difficile#, H. _S._ 1, 10, 21, _what laggards at your books, to think it hard_, i.e. #nōnne estis sērī studiōrum, quī putētis difficile?# Compare 1569.

1506. To a question with #nōnne#, a positive answer is usually expected, seldom a negative: as,

(_a._) #nōnne meministī? :: meminī vērō#, _TD._ 2, 10, _don’t you remember? :: oh yes_. Sometimes a second or third question also has #nōnne#, but oftener #nōn#: as, #nōnne ad tē L. Lentulus, nōn Q. Sanga, nōn L. Torquātus vēnit?# _Pis._ 77, _did not Lentulus and Sanga and Torquatus come to see you?_ (_b._) #nōnne cōgitās?# _RA._ 80, _do you bear in mind?_ #nōnne# is rare in Plautus, comparatively so in Terence, but very common in classical Latin.

1507. To a question with #num# a negative answer is generally expected. Less frequently either a positive or a negative answer indifferently: as,

(_a._) #num negāre audēs?# _C._ 1, 8, _do you undertake to deny it?_ #num, tibi cum faucēs ūrit sitis, aurea quaeris pōcula?# H. _S._ 1, 2, 114, _when thirst thy throat consumes, dost call for cups of gold?_ Rarely #numne#: as, #quid, deum ipsum numne vīdistī?# _DN._ 1, 88, _tell me, did you ever see god in person?_ (_b._) #sed quid ais? num obdormīvistī dūdum?# Pl. _Am._ 620, _but harkee, wert asleep a while ago?_ #numquīd vīs?# Pl. _Tri._ 192, _hast any further wish?_

1508. A question with #an#, less often #anne#, or if negative, with #an nōn#, usually challenges or comments emphatically on something previously expressed or implied: as,

#an habent quās gallīnae manūs?# Pl. _Ps._ 29, _what, what, do hens have hands?_ #an# is also particularly common in argumentative language, in anticipating, criticising, or refuting an opponent: as, #quid dīcis? an bellō Siciliam virtūte tuā līberātam?# _V._ 1, 5, _what do you say? possibly that it was by your prowess that Sicily was rid of the war?_ #at vērō Cn. Pompēī voluntātem ā mē aliēnābat ōrātiō mea. an ille quemquam plūs dīlēxit?# _Ph._ 2, 38, _but it may be urged that my way of speaking estranged Pompey from me. why, was there anybody the man loved more?_ In old Latin, #an# is oftener used in a single than in an alternative question, while in classical Latin it is rather the reverse.

1509. (3.) Yes or No questions are sometimes introduced by #ecquis#, #ecquō#, #ecquandō#, or #ēn umquam#: as,

_heus, ecquis hīc est?_ Pl. _Am._ 420, _hollo, is e’er a person here?_ #ecquid animadvertis hōrum silentium?# _C._ 1, 20, _do you possibly observe the silence of this audience?_ (1144). #ō pater, ēn umquam aspiciam tē?# Pl. _Tri._ 588, _O father, shall I ever set mine eyes on thee?_

1510. (4.) In Plautus, #satin# or #satin ut#, _really_, _actually_, sometimes becomes a mere interrogative or exclamatory particle: as, #satin abiīt ille?# Pl. _MG._ 481, _has that man really gone his way?_

[Errata: 1507a ... H. _S._ 1, 2, 114 H _S._ _DN._ 1, 88 _DN_]

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ANSWERS.

1511. There are no two current Latin words corresponding exactly with _yes_ and _no_ in answers.

1512. (1.) A positive answer is expressed by some emphatic word of the question, repeated with such change as the context may require: as,

#an nōn dīxī esse hoc futūrum? :: dīxtī#, T. _Andr._ 621, _didn’t I say that this would be? :: you did_. #hūc abiīt Clītiphō :: sōlus? :: sōlus#, T. _Hau._ 904, _here Clitipho repaired :: alone? :: alone_. The repeated word may be emphasized by #sānē#, #vērō#: as, #dāsne manēre animōs post mortem? :: dō vērō#, _TD._ 1, 25, _do you grant that the soul lives on after death? :: oh yes_. Often, however, adverbs are used, without the repetition, such as #certē#, #certō#, #etiam#, #factum#, #ita#, #ita enimvērō#, #ita vērō#, #sānē#, #sānē quidem#, #scīlicet#, _oh of course_, #vērō#, rarely #vērum#.

1513. (2.) A negative answer is expressed by a similar repetition, with #nōn# or some other negative added: as,

#estne frāter intus? :: nōn est#, T. _Ad._ 569. _is brother in? :: he’s not_. Or, without repetition, by such words as #nōn#, #nōn ita#, #nōn quidem#, #nōn hercle vērō#, #minimē#, #minimē quidem#, #minimē vērō#, #nihil minus#.

1514. #immō# introduces a sentence rectifying a mistake, implied doubt, or understatement in a question: as, #nūllane habēs vitia? :: immō alia, et fortasse minōra#, H. _S._ 1, 3, 20, _have you no faults? :: I beg your pardon, other faults, and peradventure lesser ones_. #causa igitur nōn bona est? immō optima#, _Att._ 9, 7, 4, _isn’t the cause a good one then? good? yes, more than good, very good_.

ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS.

1515. The alternative question belongs properly under the head of the compound sentence. But as the interrogative particles employed in the single question are also used in the alternative question, the alternative question is most conveniently considered here.

1516. In old English, the first of two alternative questions is often introduced by the interrogative particle _whether_, and the second by _or_: as, _whether is it easier to say, Thy sins be forgiven thee, or to say Arise?_ In modern English, _whether_ is not used thus.

1517. The history of the Latin alternative question is just the reverse of the English. In old Latin, the first question is very often put without any interrogative particle. Later, in the classical period, the use of #-ne#, or oftener of #utrum#, etymologically the same as _whether_, is overwhelmingly predominant.

1518. In the simplest form of the alternative sentence, neither question is introduced by an interrogative particle: as,

#quid agō? adeō, maneō?# T. _Ph._ 736, _what shall I do? go up and speak, or wait?_ (1531).

1519. Of two alternative questions, the first either has no interrogative particle at all, or is more commonly introduced by #utrum#, #-ne#, or #-n#. The second is introduced by #an#, rarely by #anne#, or if it is negative, by #an nōn#: as,

(_a._) #album an ātrum vīnum pōtās?# Pl. _Men._ 915, _do you take light wine or dark?_ #Tacitus es an Plīnius?# Plin. _Ep._ 9, 23, 3, _are you Tacitus or Pliny?_ #sortiētur an nōn?# _PC._ 37, _will he draw lots or not?_ (_b._) #iam id porrō utrum libentēs an invītī dabant?# _V._ 3, 118, _then furthermore did they offer it voluntarily or did they consent to give it under stress?_ #utrum cētera nōmina in cōdicem acceptī et expēnsī dīgesta habēs an nōn?# _RC._ 9, _have you all other items methodically posted in your ledger or not?_ (_c._) #servosne es an līber?# Pl. _Am._ 343, _art bond or free?_ #esne tū an nōn es ab illō mīlitī Macedoniō?# Pl. _Ps._ 616, _art thou or art thou not the Macedonian captain’s man?_ #videōn Clīniam an nōn?# T. _Hau._ 405, _do I see Clinia or not?_

1520. #necne# for #an nōn# is rare: as, #sēmina praetereā linquontur necne animāī corpore in exanimō?# Lucr. 3, 713, _are seeds moreover left or not of soul within the lifeless frame?_ Twice in Cicero: as, #sunt haec tua verba necne?# _TD._ 3, 41, _are these your words or not?_ But #necne# is common in indirect questions.

1521. Instead of a single second question with #an#, several questions may be used if the thought requires it, each introduced by #an#.

1522. Sometimes an introductory #utrum# precedes two alternative questions with #-ne# and #an#: as, #utrum tū māsne an fēmina ’s?# Pl. _R._ 104, _which is it, art thou man or maid?_ This construction has its origin in questions in which #utrum# is used as a live pronoun: as, #utrum māvīs? statimne nōs vēla facere an paululum rēmigāre?# _TD._ 4, 9, _which would you rather do, have us make sail at once, or row just a little bit?_ In Horace and late prose, #utrumne . . . an# is found a few times.

1523. Sometimes a second alternative question is not put at all: as, #utrum hōc bellum nōn est?# _Ph._ 8, 7, in old English, _whether is not this war?_

1524. Two or more separate questions asked with #-ne . . . -ne#, or with #num ... num#, must not be mistaken for alternative questions: as, #num Homērum, num Hēsiodum coēgit obmūtēscere senectūs?# _CM._ 23, _did length of days compel either Homer or Hesiod to hush his voice?_ (1692).

1525. An alternative question is answered by repeating one member or some part of it, with such changes as the context may require.

PRONOUN QUESTIONS.

1526. Pronoun questions or exclamations are introduced by interrogative pronouns, or words of pronoun origin.

Such words are: (_a._) #quis#, #quī#, #quoius#, #uter#, #quālis#, #quantus#, #quotus#: as, #quid rīdēs?# H. _S._ 2, 5, 3, _why dost thou laugh?_ (1144). #uter est īnsānior hōrum?# H. _S._ 2, 3, 102, _which of these is the greater crank?_ #hōra quota est?# H. _S._ 2, 6, 44, _what’s o’clock?_ (_b._) Or #unde#, #ubī̆#, #quō#, #quōr# or #cūr#, #quī# ablative, _how_, #quīn#, _why not_, #quam#, _how_, #quandō#, #quotiēns#: as, #unde venīs et quō tendis?# H. _S._ 1, 9, 62, _whence dost thou come, and whither art thou bound?_ #deus fallī quī potuit?# _DN._ 3, 76, _how could a god have been taken in?_ (1495). #quam bellum erat cōnfitērī nescīre#, _DN._ 1, 84, _how pretty it would have been to own up that you did not know_ (1495).

1527. Sometimes #quīn# loses its interrogative force, and introduces an impatient imperative, particularly in Plautus and Terence, or an indicative of sudden declaration of something obvious or startling: as,

(_a._) #quīn mē aspice#, Pl. _Most._ 172, _why look me over, won’t you?_ i.e. #mē aspice, quīn aspicis?# So twice in Cicero’s orations. (_b._) #quīn discupiō dīcere#, Pl. _Tri._ 932, _why I am bursting with desire to tell_.

1528. In Plautus, Terence, Horace, and Livy, #ut#, _how_, also is used in questions: as, #ut valēs?# Pl. _R._ 1304, _how do you do?_ #ut sēsē in Samniō rēs habent?# L. 10, 18, 11, _how is every thing in Samnium?_ Very commonly, and in Cicero only so, in exclamations also: as, #ut fortūnātī sunt fabrī ferrāriī, quī apud carbōnēs adsident; semper calent#, Pl. _R._ 531, _what lucky dogs the blacksmiths be, that sit by redhot coals; they’re always warm_.

1529. In poetry, #quis#, #uter#, and #quantus# are found a few times with #-ne# attached; as, #uterne ad cāsūs dubiōs fīdet sibi certius?# H. _S._ 2, 2, 107, _which of the two in doubtful straits will better in himself confide?_

1530. Two or more questions or exclamations are sometimes united with one and the same verb: as,