Part 23

#magnum clāmat#, Pl. _MG._ 823, _he’s bellowing big_. #suāve locus vōcī resonat conclūsus#, H. _S._ 1, 4, 76, _sweet to the voice the pent-up place rings back_. #suāve rubēns hyacinthus#, V. _E._ 3, 63, _sweet-blushing hyacinth_. #cūr tam cernis acūtum?# H. _S._ 1, 3, 26, _why dost thou see so sharp?_ The plural is not so common: as, #asper, acerba tuēns#, Lucr. 5, 33, V. 9, 794, _rough, staring savageness_.

1143. Some verbs of smell and of taste have an accusative defining what the smell or the taste is: as, #pāstillōs Rūfillus olet, Gargōnius hīrcum#, H. _S._ 1, 2, 27, _of lozenges Rufillus smells, Gargonius of the goat_. #doctrīnam redolet puerīlem#, _DO._ 2, 109, _it smacks of A B C studies_. #nōn omnēs possunt olere unguenta exōtica#, Pl. _Most._ 42, _not every man can of imported ointments reek_. #meliōra unguenta sunt quae terram quam quae crocum sapiunt#, Cic. in Plin. _NH._ 17, 5, 3, 38, _essences that smell of earth are better than those that smell of saffron_.

1144. Any verb or verbal expression may be defined in a general way by the neuter accusative of a pronoun or of an enumerative word: as,

#id gaudeō#, T. _Andr._ 362, _I’m glad of that_. #id maestast#, Pl. _R._ 397, _she’s mournful over this_. #id prōdeō#, T. _Eu._ 1005, _I’m coming out for this_. #cētera adsentior Crassō#, _DO._ 1, 35, _on all the other points I agree with Crassus_. So also #quod#, _for which_, _on account of which_, #aliquid#, #quicquam#, #nihil#, &c., &c., and particularly #quid#, _why_, _in what respect_, _wherein_, _what_, or _what ... for_: as, #quid vēnistī#, Pl. _Am._ 377, _why art thou come?_ #quid tibī̆ obstō#, _RA._ 145, _wherein do I stand in your way?_

1145. The accusative of an appellative is rarely used adverbially: as, #magnam partem ex iambīs nostra cōnstat ōrātiō#, _O._ 189, _our own speech is made up a great deal of iambs_. #maximam partem lacte vīvunt#, 4, 1, 8, _they live on milk the most part_, i.e. _chiefly_. Prepositional expressions are commoner: as, #magnā ex parte#, 1, 16, 6, _principally_. For #vicem#, _instead of_, _for_, or _like_, see the dictionary.

1146. The accusative is sometimes disengaged from a verb, and qualifies a substantive as an attribute, chiefly in a few set expressions (1129): as, #ōrātiōnēs aut aliquid id genus#, _Att._ 13, 12, 3, _speeches or something that kind_. #aucupium omne genus#, Cat. 114, 3, _fowling of every kind_. #nūgās hoc genus#, H. _S._ 2, 6, 43, _small talk--this kind_. #hoc genus in rēbus#, Lucr. 6, 917, _in matters of this kind_. #cum id aetātis fīliō#, _Clu._ 141, _with a son of that age_. Similarly #diēs quīndecim supplicātiō#, 2, 35, 4, _a fortnight thanksgiving_.

[Erratum: 1144 ... So also #quod#, _for which_, _for which_.]

THE ACCUSATIVE OF THE PART CONCERNED.

1147. Poets use the accusative to express the part concerned, especially a part of the human body: as,

#tremit artūs#, Lucr. 3, 489, V. _G._ 3, 84, _he shivers in his limbs_. #tremis ossa pavōre#, H. _S._ 2, 7, 57, _thou tremblest in thy bones with fear_. #viridī membra sub arbutō strātus#, H. 1, 1, 21, _stretching--his limbs--beneath an arbute green_. #ōs umerōsque deō similis#, V. 1, 589, _in face and shoulders like a god_.

THE ACCUSATIVE OF THE THING PUT ON.

1148. The accusative is used with reflexive verbs in poetry to denote the thing put on: as,

#comantem Androgeī galeam induitur#, V. 2, 391, _Androgeus’ high-haired helm he dons_. #exuviās indūtus Achillī#, V. 2, 275, _clad in Achilles’ spoils_. Rarely to denote the thing taken off: as, #priōrēs exuitur vultūs#, St. _Th._ 10, 640, _she doffs her former looks_.

THE ACCUSATIVE OF EXCLAMATION.

1149. The accusative is used in exclamations, sometimes merely to call attention to something, but generally with a predicate to express a judgment with emphasis.

(_a._) In calling attention, #ecce# or #em# is used in old Latin: as, #ecce mē#, Pl. _MG._ 663, _behold, your humble servant_. #em Dāvom tibī̆#, T. _Andr._ 842, _there, Davos sir_. For #ellum#, #eccillum#, &c., see 667 and 673. Also, from Cicero on, #ēn#: as, #ēn quattuor ārās#, V. _E._ 5, 65, _see, altars four_. (_b._) In emphatic judgments sometimes the accusative alone: as, #fortūnātum Nīcobūlum#, Pl. _B._ 455, _lucky man that Nicobulus_. #testīs ēgregiōs#, _Cael._ 63, _mighty fine witnesses_; sometimes with an interjection: as, #ō imperātōrem probum#, Pl. _B._ 759, _oh what a good commander_; rarely so with #ēcastor#, #edepol#, #eugē#, _bravo_, #heu#, #īlicet#, _all’s up_, #ē̆heu#. Interrogatively: #hancine impudentiam?# V. 5, 62, _possible, shamelessness like this?_

1150. The accusative is used in excited orders, appeals, and questions, without any verb expressed, or even distinctly felt: as, #Tiberium in Tiberim#, Suet. _Tib._ 75, _Tiberius to the Tiber_. #dī vostram fidem#, T. _Andr._ 716, _ye gods your help_. #prō fidem, Thēbānī cīvēs#, Pl. _Am._ 376, _oh help_, or _murder, ye citizens of Thebes_. So with #unde#, #quō#, and #quandō#, often followed by #mihī̆# or #tibī̆#: as, #quō mihi fortūnam, sī nōn concēditur ūtī?# H. _E._ 1, 5, 12, _why wealth for me, if wealth I may not use?_

II. THE ACCUSATIVE OF SPACE AND TIME, AND OF AIM OF MOTION.

THE ACCUSATIVE OF SPACE AND TIME.

1151. Extent of space or duration of time is denoted by the accusative: as,

(_a._) #mīlia passuum XX prōcēdit#, 5, 47, 1, _he pushes on twenty miles_. #trīduī viam prōgressī#, 4, 4, 4, _having advanced three days journey_. #aggerem lātum pedēs CCCXXX, altum pedēs LXXX exstrūxērunt#, 7, 24, 1, _they built up a mound three hundred and thirty feet wide, and eighty feet high_ (1130). (_b._) #mātrōnae annum lūxērunt#, L. 2, 7, 4, _the married women wore mourning a year_. #ūndēvīgintī annōs nātus erat#, _Br._ 229, _he was nineteen years old_. #secūtae sunt continuōs complūrēs diēs tempestātēs#, 4, 34, 4, _there followed a good many days a succession of storms_. #triennium vagātī#, 4, 4, 2, _having led a nomad life three years_. #ūnum diem supplicātiō habita est#, L. 10, 47, 7, _a thanksgiving was held one day_. #diēs quīndecim supplicātiō#, 2, 35, 4, _a fortnight thanksgiving_ (1129). Sometimes #per# is added: as, #lūdī per decem diēs factī sunt#, _C._ 3, 20, _games were celebrated ten days long_.

1152. The idea of traversing is sometimes not expressed: as, #mīlia passuum tria ab eōrum castrīs castra pōnit#, 1, 22, 5, _he pitches camp three miles away from their camp_. #quadringentōs inde passūs cōnstituit sīgna#, L. 34, 20, 4, _four hundred paces from there he set up the standards_. See 1399.

1153. With #absum# and #distō#, the ablative of amount of difference is sometimes used (1393): as, #certior factus est Ariovistī cōpiās ā nostrīs mīlibus passuum quattuor et XX abesse#, 1, 41, 5, _he was informed that Ariovistus’s troops were four and twenty miles away from ours_. If the place is not mentioned from which distance is reckoned, #ab# or #ā# is sometimes used before the expression of distance: as, #positīs castrīs ā mīlibus passuum XV#, 6, 7, 3, _pitching camp fifteen miles away_.

1154. The accusative is used with #abhinc#, _ago_: as, #quaestor fuistī abhinc annōs quattuordecim#, _V._ 1, 34, _you were a quaestor fourteen years ago_. Rarely the ablative (1393): as, #quō tempore? abhinc annīs XV#, _RC._ 37, _when? fifteen years ago_; and once or twice with #abhinc#, meaning _before_ (1393): as, #comitiīs abhinc diēbus trīgintā factīs#, _V._ 2, 130, _the election having been held thirty days before_.

1155. The accusative singular is used with ordinals, to show the number of days, months, or years since a particular event, including the day, month, or year of the event itself: as, #quod annum iam tertium et vīcēsimum rēgnat#, _IP._ 7, _the circumstance that he has now been on the throne two and twenty years_.

1156. The accusative in some pronominal expressions and adverbs passes over from ‘time through which’ to a loose ‘time at which’: as, #id temporis#, _RA._ 97, _at that time_. #hoc noctis#, Pl. _Am._ 163^b, _at this time of night_. #tum#, _then_, #num#, #nunc#, _now_, #nunc ipsum#, Pl. _B._ 940, _Att._ 10, 4, 10, _this very minute_, #commodum#, _just in time_. For the locative ablative exceptionally used to denote duration, see 1355.

[Errata: 1151a ... 4, 34, 4 4, 34. 4 1154 ... _RC._ 37 _RC,_]

THE ACCUSATIVE OF THE AIM OF MOTION.

1157. (1.) Proper names of towns and of little islands or peninsulas are put in the accusative to denote the aim with expressions of motion: as,

#Labiēnus Lutetiam proficīscitur#, 7, 57, 1, _Labienus starts for Lutetia_. #Leucadem vēnimus#, _Fam._ 16, 9, 1, _we came to Leucas_. #nocturnus introitus Zmyrnam#, _Ph._ 11, 5, _the entrance into Smyrna by night_ (1129). Plautus uses #Accherūns# a few times like a town name: as, #vīvom mē accersunt Accheruntem mortuī#, _Most._ 509, _the dead are taking me to Acheron alive_.

1158. With singular names of towns and little islands, Plautus has the accusative alone twenty times, and twenty times with #in#; Terence has, including #Lēmnum#, _Ph._ 567, and #Cyprum#, _Ad._ 224, 230, the accusative alone six times, and twice with #in#, #in Lēmnum#, _Ph._ 66, and #in Cyprum#, _Ad._ 278. Plural town names never have #in#.

1159. An appellative #urbem# or #oppidum# accompanying the accusative of a town name is usually preceded by #in# or #ad#: as, #ad urbem Fī̆dēnās tendunt#, L. 4, 33, 10, _they make for the city of Fidenae_. #Iugurtha Thalam pervēnit, in oppidum magnum#, S. _I._ 75, 1, _Jugurtha arrived at Thala, a large town_.

1160. When merely ‘motion towards’ or ‘nearness’ is meant, #ad# is used: as, #trēs viae sunt ad Mutinam#, _Ph._ 12, 22, _there are three roads to Mutina_. #mīles ad Capuam profectus sum#, _CM._ 10, _I went to the war as a private, to the region round about Capua_.

1161. Proper names of countries are also sometimes put in the accusative in poetry, to denote aim of motion: as, #abiīt Ālidem#, Pl. _Cap._ 573, _he went away to Elis_. So in prose also, #Aegyptus# in Cicero, Caesar, Nepos, Livy, and Tacitus: as, #Germānicus Aegyptum proficīscitur#, Ta. 2, 59, _Germanicus sets out for Egypt_. Rarely and in poetry names of peoples: as, #sitientīs ībimus Āfrōs#, V. _E._ 1, 64, _to thirst-parched Afrians we shall go_. In general the accusative of country names is preceded by #in# or #ad#, as are also appellatives regularly in prose; but in poetry, even appellatives without a preposition are common.

1162. (2.) The accusatives #domum#, #rūs#, and #forās#, are used like proper names of towns: as,

(_a._) #eō domum#, Pl. _Mer._ 659, _I’m going home_. #equitēs domum contendērunt#, 2, 24, 4, _the cavalry hurried home_. #domum reditiōnis spē sublātā#, 1, 5, 3, _the hope of a return home being out of the question_ (1129). (_b._) #rūs ībō#, T. _Eu._ 216, _I shall go out of town_. (_c._) #effūgī forās#, T. _Eu._ 945, _I ran out of doors_.

1163. The singular #domum# is always retained by Caesar, even when two or more separate persons or parties are spoken of. Plautus, Sallust, and Nepos, have the plural #domōs# once each, and Cicero and Livy use it occasionally.

1164. The accusative #domum# or #domōs# sometimes has an attribute, usually a possessive pronoun: as, #domum suam quemque revertī#, 2, 10, 4, _for every man to go back to his home_. #alius alium domōs suās invītant#, S. _I._ 66, 3, _they invite each other to their homes_. #aurum domum rēgiam comportant#, S. _I._ 76, 6, _they bring all the gold to the house royal_. #cum domum rēgis dēvertissēs#, _D._ 17, _when you went to stay at the king’s palace_. The preposition #in# is sometimes used when the attribute is a genitive or a possessive pronoun, and commonly when it is any adjective but a possessive pronoun.

1165. (3.) In old Latin, #exsequiās# and #īnfitiās# are also used with #eō#, and sometimes #malam crucem# and #malam rem#, though these last more commonly have #in#: as,

#exsequiās Chremētī īre#, T. _Ph._ 1026, _to go to Chremes’s funeral_. #ut eās malam crucem#, Pl. _Men._ 328, _that thou mayst get thee to the accursed cross_. Later writers, as Nepos, Livy, and Quintilian, use #īnfitiās eō# again, and, from Sallust on, #vēnum eō# and #vēnum dō# sometimes occur for #vēneō# and #vēndō#.

1166. With the accusative in #-tum# (or #-sum#), called the supine, the idea of ‘aim’ passes over into that of ‘purpose:’ as #mīlitātum abiīt#, T. _Hau._ 117, _he’s gone away a soldiering_ (2270).

[Erratum: 1157 ... _the entrance into Smyrna by night_ (1129). final . missing]

TWO ACCUSATIVES COMBINED.

OBJECT AND PREDICATE.

1167. Many verbs may take two accusatives, an object and a predicate.

Such are verbs signifying _make_, _keep_, _choose_, _name_ or _call_, _have_, _think_, _recognize_ or _find_, _show oneself_, &c., &c.: as, #longiōrem mēnsem faciunt#, _V._ 2, 129, _they make the month longer_. #eum certiōrem faciunt#, 5, 37, 7, _they let him know_. #Ancum Mārcium rēgem populus creāvit#, L. 1, 32, 1, _the people made Ancus Marcius king_. #mē cēpēre arbitrum#, T. _Hau._ 500, _they’ve chosen me as referee_. #Duellium ‘Bellium’ nōmināvērunt#, _O._ 153, _Duellius they named ‘Bellius.’_ #vīcīnam Capreīs insulam ‘Aprāgopolim’ appellābat#, Suet. _Aug._ 98, _the island next to Capreae he called ‘the Castle of Indolence.’_ #conlēgās adiūtōrēs habēbat#, _Sest._ 87, _he had his colleagues as assistants_. #tē sapientem exīstimant#, _L._ 6, _they consider you a sage_. #quem virum P. Crassum vīdimus#, _CM._ 61, _what a man we saw in Crassus_. #sevērum mē praebeō#, _C._ 4, 12, _I show myself stern_. In the passive both the object and the predicate become nominatives: as, #Caesar certior factus est#, 3, 19, 5, _Caesar was informed_.

1168. In the sense of _consider as equivalent to_, #dūcō# and #habeō#, less frequently #putō#, have the ablative with #prō#. Other constructions with these and the above verbs may be found in the dictionary.

PERSON AND THING.

1169. (1.) Some verbs of teaching and hiding, demanding and questioning, may take two accusatives, one of a person and one of a thing.

The commonest of these verbs are #doceō# and its compounds, and #cēlō#; #flāgitō#, #ōrō#, #poscō#, and #rogō#, #interrogō#. The thing is usually the neuter of a pronoun or enumerative word (1144): as, (_a._) #peior magister tē istaec docuit, nōn ego#, Pl. _B._ 163, _a worse instructor taught thee that, not I_. #quid tē litterās doceam?# _Pis._ 73, _why should I teach you your A B C’s?_ (_b._) #nōn tē cēlāvī sermōnem T. Ampiī#, _Fam._ 2, 16, 3, _I have not kept you in the dark about the talk with Ampius_. (_c._) #interim cōtīdiē Caesar Aeduōs frūmentum flāgitāre#, 1, 16, 1, _meantime Caesar every day a dunning the Aeduans for the grain_. #Mīlēsiōs nāvem poposcit#, _V._ 1, 86, _he called on the Miletus people for a vessel_. #quid me istud rogās?# _Fin._ 5, 83, _why do you ask me that?_ #Racilius mē sententiam rogāvit#, _QFr._ 2, 1, 3, _Racilius asked me my opinion_.

1170. With #doceō#, meaning _inform_, #cēlō#, #rogō#, and #interrogō#, the ablative of the thing with #dē# is also used. And with #flāgitō# and #poscō#, sometimes the ablative of the person with #ab#, with #cēlō# the ablative of the person with #dē#.

1171. In the passive the person becomes the subject, and the accusative of a neuter pronoun or adjective is retained: as,

#nōsne hoc cēlātōs tam diū#, T. _Hec._ 645, _for us not to be told of this so long_; rarely with reversed construction: #quōr haec cēlāta mē sunt?# Pl. _Ps._ 490, _why was this hid from me?_ Accusatives of appellatives are rare: as, #omnīs mīlitiae artīs ēdoctus fuerat#, L. 25, 37, 3, _he had been thoroughly taught all the arts of war_. #interrogātus sententiam#, L. 36, 7, 1, _being asked his opinion_. Other constructions of #doctus#, and of the passive of #cēlō#, #flāgitō#, #poscō#, #rogō# and #interrogō#, may be found in the dictionary.

1172. (2.) Verbs of wishing, reminding, inducing, and accusing, and some others, also sometimes take an accusative of the person and one of the thing.

Such are #volō#, #moneō# and its compounds, #hortor# and #cōgō#; #accūsō#, #arguō#, #īnsimulō#, #obiūrgō#. The thing is usually the neuter of a pronoun or enumerative word (1144): as, #quid mē voltis?# Pl. _Mer._ 868, _what do you want of me?_ #illud tē esse admonitum velim#, _Cael._ 8, _on this point I want you to be reminded_ (1171). In old Latin, accusatives of appellatives also are thus used, and sometimes also with #dōnō# and #condōnō#.

1173. (3.) The defining accusative is sometimes combined with an accusative of the person: as, #tam tē bāsia multa bāsiāre#, Cat. 7, 9, _thee to kiss so many kisses_ (1140). But usually with an accusative of the person, the ablative takes the place of the defining accusative: as, #ōdissem tē odiō Vatīniānō#, Cat. 14, 3, _I should hate thee with a Vatinian hate_.

[Erratum: 1169 ... #cōtīdiē Caesar Aeduōs frūmentum flāgitāre#, 1, 16, 1, 1, 16, 1.]

OBJECT AND EXTENT, DURATION, OR AIM.

1174. The accusative of extent or duration, or of aim of motion is often combined with that of the object: as,

(_a._) #mīlia passuum decem novem mūrum perdūcit#, 1, 8, 1, _he makes a wall nineteen miles_ (1151). #mātrōnae annum eum lūxērunt#, L. 2, 7, 4. _the married women wore mourning for him a year_ (1151). (_b._) #Ancus multitūdinem omnem Rōmam trādūxit#, L. 1, 33, 1, _Ancus moved the whole population over to Rome_ (1157). #eōs domum remittit#, 4, 21, 6, _he sends them home again_ (1162). For other combinations, see 1138, 1198, and 2270.

THE DATIVE.

1175. The dative denotes that for or to which a thing is or is done, and either accompanies single words, such as verbs, adjectives, sometimes adverbs, rarely substantives, or serves to modify the entire sentence. It has two principal uses.

1176. I. The dative is used as a complement. Complements may be roughly distinguished as essential or optional. But these two complements are not always separated by a sharp line, and the same dative may sometimes be referred indifferently to either head.

1177. (1.) The ESSENTIAL COMPLEMENT is a dative of the person or thing added to an idea which is felt as incomplete without the dative (1180).

Thus, #pāret#, _he is obedient_, is a statement which is felt as incomplete without a dative added to denote what it is he is obedient to, in the sentence #pāret senātuī#, _he is obedient to the senate_. But when stress is put on the action merely, without reference to its bearing, such a verb may be used without a dative: as, #pāret#, _he is obedient_, _he yields obedience_.

1178. (2.) The OPTIONAL COMPLEMENT, that is, the dative of interest, advantage, or disadvantage, adds something to an idea that is already complete in itself (1205).

Thus, #carmina cantō#, _I chant verses_, is a statement entirely complete in itself; it may be modified or not, at option, by a dative, thus: #carmina virginibus puerīsque cantō#, _verses for maids and boys I chant_.

1179. II. The dative of certain substantives is used predicatively (1219).

I. THE COMPLEMENTARY DATIVE.

(1.) THE ESSENTIAL COMPLEMENT.

THE DATIVE WITH VERBS.

1180. Many verbs require a dative to complete their meaning.

WITH VERBS OF INTRANSITIVE USE.

1181. (1.) Many verbs of intransitive use, particularly such as denote a state, disposition, feeling, or quality, take the dative: as,

#quodne vōbīs placeat, displiceat mihī?# Pl. _MG._ 614, _shall that which pleases you, displeasing be to me?_ #sī Asiciō causa plūs prōfuit quam invidia nocuit#, _Cael._ 23, _if his case has been more helpful to Asicius than the hostility has been damaging_. #imperat aut servit collēcta pecūnia cuique#, H. _E._ 1, 10, 47, _for every man his garnered hoard or master is or slave_. #nōnne huic lēgī resistētis?# _Agr._ 2, 85, _will you not stand out against this law?_ #gymnasiīs indulgent Graeculī#, Traj. in Plin. _Ep._ 40 [49], 2, _our Greek cousins are

## partial to gymnasiums_. #īgnōscās velim huic festīnātiōnī meae#, in a

letter, _Fam._ 5, 12, 1, _please excuse haste_. #huic legiōnī Caesar cōnfīdēbat maximē#, 1, 40, 15, _Caesar trusted this legion most of all_. #an C. Trebōniō ego persuāsī? cui nē suādēre quidem ausus essem#, _Ph._ 2, 27, _or was it I that brought conviction to Trebonius? a man to whom I should not have presumed even to offer advice_. In the passive, such verbs are used impersonally, the dative remaining (1034); personal constructions are rare and poetical.

1182. This dative is used with such verbs or verbal expressions as mean _am pleasing_ or _displeasing_, _helpful_ or _injurious_, _command_, _yield_, or _am obedient_, _am friendly_, _partial_, or _opposed_; _spare_, _pardon_, _threaten_, _trust_, _advise_, _persuade_, _happen_, _meet_. But the English translation is not a safe guide: many of the verbs used with a dative are represented transitively in English; and some verbs of the meanings above are used transitively in Latin: as, #dēlectō#, #iuvō#, #laedō#, &c., &c.

1183. The dative is rarely used with a form of #sum# and a predicate noun corresponding in meaning with the verbs above (1181): as, #quid mihi scelestō tibī̆ erat auscultātiō?# Pl. _R._ 502, i.e. #quid tibī̆ auscultābam?# _why did I, ill-starred wretch, lend ear to thee?_ #quī studiōsus re͡i nūllī aliaest#, Pl. _MG._ 802, i.e. #quī studet#, _who lends his soul to nothing else_. Or immediately with a noun: as, #servitūs opulentō hominī#, Pl. _Am._ 166, _slavery to a millionaire_. #optemperātiō lēgibus#, _Leg._ 1, 42, _obedience to the laws_. #aemula labra rosīs#, Mart. 4, 42, 10, _lips rivalling the rose_.

1184. Some verbs have a variable use without any difference of meaning: thus, #cūrō#, #decet#, and #vītō#, have sometimes the dative in old Latin, but usually the accusative. In Cicero, #adūlor# has the accusative; from Nepos on, the dative as well. #medeor#, #medicor#, and #praestōlor# take either the accusative or the dative.

1185. Some verbs have an accusative with one meaning, a dative of the complement, essential or optional, with another: see #aemulor#, #caveō#, #comitor#, #cōnsulō#, #conveniō#, #cupiō#, #dēspērō#, #maneō#, #metuō#, #moderor#, #prōspiciō#, #temperō#, #timeō#, and the different uses of #invideō#, in the dictionary.

1186. In poetry, verbs of union, of contention, and of difference, often take a dative: as, (_a._) #haeret laterī lētālis harundō#, V. 4, 73, _sticks to her side the deadly shaft_. So with #coëō#, #concurrō#, #haereō#, and similarly with #iungō#, #misceō#. (_b._) #quid enim contendat hirundō cycnīs?# Lucr. 3, 6, _for how can swallow cope with swans?_ So with #bellō#, #certō#, #contendō#, #pugnō#. (_c._) #īnfīdō scurrae distābit amīcus#, H. _E._ 1, 18, 4, _a friend will differ from a faithless hanger-on_. So with #differō#, #discrepō#, #dissentiō#, #distō#.

1187. A verb often takes the dative, when combined with #adversum#, #obviam#, or #praestō#, also with #bene#, #male#, or #satis#, and the like: as,

#fit ob viam Clōdiō#, _Mil._ 29, _he runs across Clodius_. #cui bene dīxit umquam bonō?# _Sest._ 110, _for what patriot had he ever a good word?_ #nōs, virī fortēs, satis facere rē̆ī pūblicae vidēmur#, _C._ 1, 2, _we doughty champions flatter ourselves we are doing our whole duty by the state_. Similarly with verbs of transitive use.

1188. (2.) Many verbs of intransitive use compounded with a preposition take a dative connected in sense with the preposition: as,

#manus extrēma nōn accessit operibus eius#, _Br._ 126, _the last touch was not put upon his works_. #omnibus adfuit hīs pugnīs Dolābella#, _Ph._ 2, 75, _Dolabella was on hand in all these battles_. #pontō nox incubat ātra#, V. 1, 89, _over the deep, night broodeth black_. #cōgnitiōnibus dē Chrīstiānīs interfuī numquam#, Plin. _Ep. ad Trai._ 96 [97], 1, _I have never been to any of the trials of the Christians_.

1189. The prepositions are chiefly #ad#, #ante#, #com-#, #in#, #inter#, #ob#, #prae#, #sub#, or #super#. In many compounds of these prepositions, however, the dative is due to the general meaning of the verb, as in #cōnfīdit mihī̆#, _he puts all trust in me_ (1181), as contrasted with #cōnsentit mihī̆#, _he feels with me_, nearly equivalent to #sentit mēcum# (1188).

1190. Instead of the dative, such verbs often have a prepositional construction, particularly when place, literal or figurative, is distinctly to be expressed: as,