Part 27

(_a._) #plūris est oculātus testis ūnus quam aurītī decem#, Pl. _Tru._ 490, _a single witness with an eye rates higher than a dozen with the ear_. (_b._) #tū velim exīstimēs nēminem cuiquam neque cāriōrem neque iūcundiōrem umquam fuisse quam tē mihī̆#, _Fam._ 1, 9, 24, _I hope you will be convinced that nobody was ever nearer and dearer to anybody than you to me_.

1326. An introductory ablative of a demonstrative or relative pronoun sometimes precedes the construction with #quam#: as, #quid hōc est clārius, quam omnīs Segestae mātrōnās et virginēs convēnisse?# _V._ 4, 77, _what fact is there better known than this, to wit, that all the women in Segesta, married and single, came streaming together?_

1327. The ablative is sometimes used with comparative adverbs also.

So particularly in sentences of negative import: as, #nihil lacrimā citius ārēscit#, Corn. 2, 50, _nothing dries up quicker than a tear_. Less frequently in positive sentences in prose: as, #fortūna, quae plūs cōnsilīs hūmānīs pollet, contrāxit certāmen#, L. 44, 40, 3, _fortune, who is mightier than the devices of man, precipitated the engagement_. Very commonly, however, #quam# is used with comparative adverbs.

1328. Designations of number or extent are often qualified by #amplius#, #longius#, or #plūs#, _over_, or by #minus#, _under_.

The word thus qualified is put in the case which the context would require without any such qualification: as, #plūs septingentī captī#, L. 41, 12, 8, _over seven hundred were taken prisoners_. #tēcum plūs annum vīxit#, _Q._ 41, _he lived with you over a year_ (1151). #cum equīs plūs quīngentīs#, L. 40, 32, 6, _with over five hundred horses_. Less frequently with #quam#. When these words are felt as real substantives in the nominative or accusative, the ablative of comparison may be used (1320): as, #plūs trīduō#, _RA._ 74, _more than three days_.

1329. In expressions of age with #nātus#, the adjectives #maior# and #minor# are used as well as #amplius# and #minus#, and with the same construction (1328): as, #annōs nātus maior quadrāgintā#, _RA._ 39, _over forty years old_. For other constructions, see the dictionary. Similarly #conlēctus aquae digitum nōn altior ūnum#, Lucr. 4, 414, _a pool no deeper than a finger’s breadth_ (1130). But commonly with comparative adjectives of extent, #quam# is used, or the ablative (1320): as, #palūs nōn lātior pedibus quīnquāgintā#, 7, 19, 1, _a marsh not wider than fifty feet_.

1330. With a comparative adjective or adverb, the ablatives #opīniōne#, #exspectātiōne#, and #spē#, and some others, chiefly in poetry, take the place of a sentence with #quam#: as,

#opīniōne melius#, Pl. _Cas._ 338, _better than you thought_. #minōra opīniōne#, Caes. _C._ 2, 31, 5, _more insignificant than is thought_. #lātius opīniōne dissēminātum est hoc malum#, _C._ 4, 6, _this infection is more sweeping than anybody dreams_. #spē omnium sērius#, L. 2, 3, 1, _later than was generally expected_.

II. THE LOCATIVE ABLATIVE.

(A.) THE LOCATIVE PROPER.

1331. (1.) Singular proper names of towns and of little islands are put in the locative to denote the place in or at which action occurs: as,

#quid Rōmae faciam? mentīrī nescio#, J. 3, 41, _what can I do in Rome? I don’t know how to lie_. #Corinthī et Karthāginī#, _Agr._ 2, 90, _at Corinth and at Carthage_. #Lacedaemonī#, N. _praef._ 4, _in Lacedaemon_. #Tīburī#, _Att._ 16, 3, 1, _at Tibur_. #Rhodī#, _Fam._ 4, 7, 4, _at Rhodes_. #mānsiōnēs diutinae Lēmnī#, T. _Ph._ 1012, _protracted stays at Lemnos_ (1301). Sometimes in dates: as, #data Thessalonīcae#, _Att._ 3, 20, 3, _given at Thessalonica_ (1307). The locative rarely means _near_: as, #Antiī#, L. 22, 1, 10, _round about Antium_. In Plautus only two singular town names with consonant stems occur, and these regularly in the locative, #Carthāginī# and #Sicyōnī#, three times each; once in a doubtful example, #Sicyōne#, _Cist._ 128. Terence has no examples of these stems. From Cicero on, the locative ablative is commoner with them (1343).

1332. With an adjective attribute also, the locative is used: as, #Teānī Āpulī#, _Clu._ 27, _at the Apulian Teanum_. #Suessae Auruncae#, L. 32, 9, 3, _at the Auruncan Suessa_. The appellative #forum#, _market place_, used, with an attribute, as a proper name, is sometimes put in the accusative with #ad#: as, #Claternae, ad Forum Cornēlium#, _Fam._ 12, 5, 2, _at Claterna and at Forum Cornelium_; sometimes in the locative ablative: #Forō Iūlī#, Plin. _Ep._ 5, 19, 7.

1333. When the locative is further explained by an appellative following, the appellative is put in the locative ablative, either alone, or with #in#: as, #Antiochīae, celebrī quondam urbe#, _Arch._ 4, _at Antioch, once a bustling town_. #Neāpolī, in celeberrimō oppidō#, _RabP._ 26, _at Neapolis, a town swarming with people_. An appellative in the ablative with #in# may be further defined by a proper name in the locative: as, #duābus in īnsulīs, Melitae et Samī#, _V._ 5, 184, _in two islands--at Melita and Samos_. #in oppidō, Antiochīae#, _Att._ 5, 18, 1, _within town walls--at Antioch_. #in sēcessū, Apollōniae#, Suet. _Aug._ 94, _out of town--at Apollonia_. Or in the ablative: as, #in oppidō Citiō#, N. 5, 3, 4, _in the town of Citium_. #in urbe Rōmā#, L. 39, 14, 7, _in the city of Rome_.

1334. In Plautus, singular town names with stems in #-ā-# or #-o-# are put in the locative ten or twelve times, in the ablative with #in# some fifteen times. Three such have only #in#, never the locative: #in Anactoriō#, _Poen._ 896, #in Seleuciā#, _Tri._ 901, #in Spartā#, _Poen._ 663; furthermore, #in Epidamnō#, _Men._ 267, 380 twice, #in Ephesō#, _B._ 309, _MG._ 441, 778, and #in Epidaurō#, _Cur._ 341, 429, _E._ 540, 541, 554, but also #Epidamnī#, _Men. prol._ 51, #Ephesī#, _B._ 336, 1047, _MG._ 648, and #Epidaurī#, _E._ 636. Terence, who has only #-o-# stems, uses the locative six times, the ablative with #in# four times: only with #in#: #in Andrō#, _Andr._ 931, #in Imbrō#, _Hec._ 171. Furthermore #in Lēmnō#, _Ph._ 873, 1004 but also #Lēmnī#, _Ph._ 680, 942, 1013. Also #Mīlētī#, _Ad._ 654, #Rhodī#, _Eu._ 107, #Sūniī#, _Eu._ 519.

1335. A town name is sometimes put in the ablative with #in# by assimilation with a parallel #in#: as, #in Illyricō, in ipsā Alexandrēā#, _Att._ 11, 16, 1, _in Illyricum, and at Alexandrea itself_. #Antiochum in Syriā, Ptolemaeum in Alexandrīā esse#, L. 42, 26, 7. _that Antiochus was in Syria, Ptolemy at Alexandria_. #in mōnte Albānō Lāvīniōque#, L. 5, 52, 8, _on the Alban mount and at Lavinium_. Also without assimilation: as, #nāvis et in Caiētā est parāta nōbīs et Brundusiī#, _Att._ 8, 3, 6, _we have a vessel all chartered, one in Cajeta and one at Brundusium_. #in Hispalī#, Caes. _C._ 2, 18, 1, _in Hispalis_.

1336. With country names, the locative is very exceptional: as, #Chersonēsī#, N. 1, 2, 4, _at the Peninsula_. #Aegyptī#, Val. M. 4, 1, 15, _in Egypt_. Similarly #Accheruntī#, Pl. _Cap._ 689, 998, _Mer._ 606, _Tru._ 749, _in Acheron_; #Accherunte# however once: #Accheruntest#, Pl. _Poen._ 431. In Sallust, #Rōmae Numidiaeque#, _I._ 33, 4, with assimilation of #Numidiae# to #Rōmae#.

1337. (2.) The locatives #domī#, #rūrī#, #humī#, and rarely #orbī#, are used like proper names of towns: as,

(_a._) #cēnābō domī#, Pl. _St._ 482, _I shall dine at home_. Metaphorically, #domī est#, #nāscitur#, or #habeō#, _I can get at home_, _I need not go abroad for_, or _I have in plenty_: as, #id quidem domī est#, _Att._ 10, 14, 2, _as for that, I have it myself_. With a possessive pronoun or #aliēnus# in agreement, either the locative is used, or the ablative with #in#; for #domuī#, as, _Off._ 3, 99, see 594; with other adjectives the ablative with #in#. (_b._) #rūrī#, T. _Ph._ 363, _up in the country_; for #rūre#, see 1344 and 1345. (_c._) #humī#, _on the ground_, or _to the ground_, in Terence first: as, #hunc ante nostram iānuam appōne :: obsecrō, humīne?# T. _Andr._ 724, _set down this baby at our door :: good gracious; on the ground?_ #iacēre humī#, _C._ 1, 26, _sleeping on bare ground_. (_d._) #orbī# with #terrae# or #terrārum#: as, #amplissimum orbī terrārum monumentum#, _V._ 4, 82, _the grandest monument in the wide wide world_.

1338. The locatives #bellī#, older #du͡ellī#, and #mīlitiae# are sometimes used in contrast with #domī#: as, #domī du͡ellīque#, Pl. _Cap. prol._ 68, #domī bellīque#, L. 2, 50, 11, #domī mīlitiaeque#, _TD._ 5, 55, #mīlitiae et domī#, T. _Ad._ 495, _at home and in the field_. Rarely without #domī#: as, #bellī#, _RP._ 2, 56, #mīlitiae#, S. _I._ 84, 2.

1339. (3.) Other appellatives rarely have the locative: as, #proxumae vīcīniae#, Pl. _B._ 205, _MG._ 273, _in the next neighbourhood_. #terrae#, L. 5, 51, 9, _in the earth_. With verbs of suspense, doubt, and distress, and with many adjectives, #animī#, _in soul_, is not infrequent; and #animī# being mistaken for a genitive, #mentis# is also used: as, #dēsipiēbam mentis#, Pl. _E._ 138, _I was beside myself_. Oftener #animō# (1344).

1340. Many original locatives have become set as adverbs: as, #peregrī#, _abroad_. Particularly of pronouns: as, #illī#, Pl. _Am._ 249, _off there_, oftener #illīc#; #istī# or #istīc#, #hīc#; sometimes further defined by an added expression: as, #hīc vīcīniae#, T. _Ph._ 95, _here in the neighbourhood_. #hīc proxumae vīcīniae#, _MG._ 273, _here in the house next door_. #hīc in Veneris fānō me͡a͡e vīcīniae#, Pl. _R._ 613, _here, in the shrine of Venus, in my neighbourhood_. #hīc Rōmae#, _Arch._ 5, _here in Rome_.

1341. The locative proper sometimes denotes time when: as, #lūcī#, _by light_, #temperī#, _betimes_, #herī# or #here#, _yesterday_, #vesperī#, _at evening_, #herī vesperī#, _DO._ 2, 13, _last evening_. In Plautus, #diē septimī#, _Men._ 1156, _Per._ 260, _on the seventh day_, #māne sānē septimī#, _Men._ 1157, _bright and early on the seventh_, #diē crāstinī#, _Most._ 881, _tomorrow_. Often with an adjective juxtaposed: as, #postrīdiē#, _the day after_, #postrīdiē māne#, _Fam._ 11, 6, 1, _early next day_, #cōtīdiē#, _each day_, _daily_, #prīdiē#, _the day before_.

[Errata: 1331 ... #mānsiōnēs diutinae Lēmnī# text unchanged: expected form diūtinae 1340 ... #hīc in Veneris fānō me͡a͡e vīcīniae# The vowels “eae” are joined with a single ligature]

(B.) THE ABLATIVE USED AS LOCATIVE.

PLACE IN, ON, OR AT WHICH.

1342. (1.) Plural proper names of towns and of little islands are put in the locative ablative to denote the place in or at which action occurs: as,

#mortuus Cūmīs#, L. 2, 21, 5, _he died at Cumae_. #Athēnīs tenue caelum, crassum Thēbīs#, _Fat._ 7, _in Athens the air is thin, at Thebes it is thick_. #locus ostenditur Capreīs#, Suet. _Tib._ 62, _the place is pointed out at Capreae_. Rarely with substantives of action (1301): as, #mānsiō Formiīs#, _Att._ 9, 5, 1, _the stay at Formiae_. With an attribute: #Athēnīs tuīs#, _Att._ 16, 6, 2, _in your darling Athens_. #Curibus Sabīnīs#, L. 1, 18, 1, _at the Sabine Cures_.

1343. (2.) Singular proper names of towns with consonant stems are oftener put in the locative ablative than in the locative proper: as,

#adulēscentium gregēs Lacedaemone vīdimus#, _TD._ 5, 77, _we have seen the companies of young men in Lacedaemon_. #Karthāgine#, _Att._ 16, 4, 2, _at Carthage_. #Tībure#, H. _E._ 1, 8, 12, _at Tibur_. #Nārbōne#, _Ph._ 2, 76, _at Narbo_. See 1331. So also #Acherunte#, Lucr. 3, 984, _in Acheron_. #Calydōne et Naupāctō#, Caes. _C._ 3, 35, 1, _at Calydon and Naupactus_, with #Naupāctō# attracted by #Calydōne#. With an attribute: #Carthāgine Novā#, L. 28, 17, 11, _at New Carthage_. #Acherunte profundō#, Lucr. 3, 978, _in vasty Acheron_.

1344. (3.) A few general appellatives are used in the locative ablative without an attribute, especially in set expressions, to denote the place where: as,

#terrā marīque#, _IP._ 48, _by land and sea_; less commonly #marī atque terrā#, S. _C._ 53, 2, _by sea and land_. #dextrā Pīraeus, sinistrā Corinthus#, Cael. in _Fam._ 4, 5, 4, _Piraeus on the right, Corinth on the left_. Rarely, #rūre#, Pl. _Cas._ 110, H. _E._ 1, 7, 1, _in the country_, for #rūrī# (1337). So #animō#, #animīs#, with verbs of feeling: as, #angor animō#, _Br._ 7, _I am distressed in soul_, or _I am heart-broken_. Metaphorically: #locō#, (_a._) _in the right place_, also #suō locō#, or #in locō#. (_b._) #locō#, _instead_; #numerō#, _in the category_, both with a genitive. #prīncipiō#, #initiō#, _in the beginning_.

1345. Certain appellatives, with an attribute, often denote the place where by the locative ablative; so especially #locō#, #locīs#, #rūre#, #librō#, #librīs#, #parte#, #partibus#: as, #remōtō, salūbrī, amoenō locō#, _Fam._ 7, 20, 2, _in a sequestered, healthy, and picturesque nook_. #idōneō locō#, 3, 17, 5, _in an advantageous spot_. #inīquō locō#, 5, 51, 1, _on unsuitable ground_. #campestribus ac dēmissīs locīs#, 7, 72, 3, _in level and sunken places_. #rūre meō#, H. _E._ 1, 15, 17, _at my own country box_. #rūre paternō#, H. _E._ 1, 18, 60, J. 6, 55, _on the ancestral farm_. #aliō librō#, _Off._ 2, 31, _in another book_.

1346. Substantives are often used in the locative ablative with #tōtus# in agreement, less often with #cūnctus#, #omnis#, or #medius#, to denote the place where: as, #tōtā Galliā#, 5, 55, 3, _all over Gaul_. #tōtīs trepidātur castrīs#, 6, 37, 6, _there is a panic all over the camp_. #omnibus oppidīs#, _V._ 2, 136, _in all the towns_. #omnibus oppidīs maritimīs#, Caes. _C._ 3, 5, 1, _in all the seaports_. #mediā urbe#, L. 1, 33, 8, _in the heart of Rome_. But sometimes #in# is used, or the accusative with #per#.

1347. (4.) With country names and most appellatives, the place where is generally expressed by the ablative with #in#. But even without an attribute, the ablative alone is sometimes used, especially in poetry: as,

#Ītaliā#, V. 1, 263, _in Italy_, #lītore#, V. 1, 184, _upon the beach_, #corde#, V. 1, 209, _in heart_, #pectore#, V. 1, 657, _in breast_, #thalamō#, H. 1, 15, 16, _in bower_, #umerō#, V. 1, 501, _on shoulder_, #Ēsquiliīs#, _DN._ 3, 63, _on the Esquiline_. Once in Plautus #Ālide#, _Cap._ 330, _in Elis_, but eight times #in Ālide#.

1348. The locative ablative is sometimes used with such verbs as #teneō# and #recipiō#: as, (_a._) #Ariovistus exercitum castrīs continuit#, 1, 48, 4, _Ariovistus kept his infantry in camp_. #oppidō sēsē continēbant#, 2, 30, 2, _they kept inside the town_. (_b._) #oppidīs recipere#, 2, 3, 3, _to receive inside their towns_. #rēx ecquis est, qui senātōrem tēctō ac domō nōn invītet?# _V._ 4, 25, _is there a monarch in the wide world that would not welcome a senator to house and home?_

1349. The locative ablative is used with #fīdō# and #cōnfīdō#, #glōrior#, #laetor#, #nītor#, #stō#, and with #frētus#: as, #barbarī cōnfīsī locī nātūrā in aciē permānsērunt#, 8, 15, 1, _the natives, trusting in the nature of their position, kept their stand in battle array_. #superiōribus vīctōriis frētī#, 3, 21, 1, _relying on their former victories_. For other constructions with these words, see the dictionary.

TIME AT WHICH OR TIME WITHIN WHICH.

1350. (1.) The locative ablative is used to denote the point of time at which action occurs.

So particularly of substantives denoting periods or points of time, thus: #hieme#, 5, 1, 1, _in the winter_. #Kalendīs#, H. _Epod._ 2, 70, _upon the first_, i.e. of the month. Generally with an attribute: as, #prīmō vēre#, 6, 3, 4, _in the first month of spring_. #Mārtiīs Kalendīs#, H. 3, 8, 1, _upon the first of March_. With a parallel locative (1341): #vesperī eōdem diē#, _Att._ 8, 5, 1, _the evening of the same day_.

1351. Words not in themselves denoting periods or points of time, are in the same way put in the ablative: as,

#patrum nostrōrum memoriā#, 1, 12, 5, _in the memory of our fathers_. #nōn modo illīs Pūnicīs bellīs, sed etiam hāc praedōnum multitūdine#, _V._ 4, 103, _not only in the Punic wars of yore, but also in the present swarm of pirates_. #proxumīs comitiīs#, 7, 67, 7, _at the last election_. #spectāculīs#, _Att._ 2, 19, 3, _at the shows_. Especially substantives of action in #-tus# or #-sus# (235): as, #sōlis occāsū#, 1, 50, 3, _at sunset_. #adventū in Galliam Caesaris#, 5, 54, 2, _at Caesar’s arrival in Gaul_. #eōrum adventū#, 7, 65, 5, _after these people came_. #discessū cēterōrum#, _C._ 1, 7, _when the rest went away_.

1352. (2.) The locative ablative is used to denote the space of time within which action occurs: as,

#paucīs diēbus opus efficitur#, 6, 9, 4, _the job is finished up in a few days_. #tribus hōris Aduātucam venīre potestis#, 6, 35, 8, _in three hours you can get to Aduatuca_. #quae hīc mōnstra fīunt, annō vix possum ēloquī#, Pl. _Most._ 505, _what ghost-transactions take place here I scarce could tell you in a year_. #cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunodūnum vēnisset, id bīduō circumvāllāvit#, 7, 11, 1, _arriving at Vellaunodunum, a town of the Senons, in two days time he invested it_. #quicquid est, bīduō sciēmus#, _Att._ 9, 14, 2, _whatever it may be, we shall know in a couple of days_.

1353. The ablative of the time at or within which action occurs is sometimes accompanied by #in#: as, #in bellō#, 6, 1, 3, _in the war_. #in tempore#, T. _Hau._ 364, _in the nick of time_. #in adulēscentiā#, Pl. _B._ 410, _in my young days_. #in tālī tempore#, Lucr. 1, 93, L. 22, 35, 7, _in such a stress, at such an hour_. #in hōc trīduō#, Pl. _Ps._ 316, _within the next three days_. Especially of repeated action, in the sense of _a_ or _every_, with numerals: as, #ter in annō#, Pl. _B._ 1127, _RA._ 132, _three times a year_. #in hōrā saepe ducentōs versūs dictābat#, H. _S._ 1, 4, 9, _two hundred verses in an hour he’d often dictate off_. But occasionally without #in#: as, #mē deciēns diē ūnō extrūdit aedibus#, Pl. _Aul._ 70, _ten times a day he thrusts me from the house_. #septiēns diē#, L. 28, 6, 10, _seven times a day_.

1354. An ablative of the time within which action occurs is sometimes followed by a relative pronoun sentence, with the relative pronoun likewise in the ablative: as, #quadrīduō, quō haec gesta sunt, rēs ad Chrȳsogonum dēfertur#, _RA._ 20, _within the four days space in which this occurred, the incident is reported to Chrysogonus_, i.e. four days after this occurred. #diēbus decem, quibus māteria coepta erat conportārī, omnī opere effectō#, 4, 18, 1, _the job being all done ten days after the carting of the stuff had begun_.

1355. The ablative is exceptionally used to denote duration of time: as,

#tōtā nocte continenter iērunt#, 1, 26, 5, _they went on and on all night without interruption_. Regularly, however, the accusative (1151); but the ablative is common in inscriptions.

III. THE INSTRUMENTAL ABLATIVE.

(A.) THE ABLATIVE OF ATTENDANCE.

THE ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT.

1356. A few indefinite designations of military forces denote accompaniment by the ablative alone, or oftener with #cum#: as,

(_a._) #ad castra Caesaris omnibus cōpiīs contendērunt#, 2, 7, 3, _they marched upon Caesar’s camp with all their forces_. #omnibus cōpiīs ad Ilerdam proficīscitur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 41, 2, _he marches before Ilerda, horse, foot, and dragoons_. (_b._) #is cīvitātī persuāsit, ut cum omnibus cōpiīs exīrent#, 1, 2, 1, _well, this man induced the community to emigrate in a body, bag and baggage_.

1357. The participles #iūnctus# and #coniūnctus# take the ablative of the thing joined with: as, #dēfēnsiōne iūncta laudātiō#, _Br._ 162, _a eulogy combined with a defence_. But sometimes the ablative with #cum# is used, or the dative (1186).

THE ABLATIVE OF MANNER.

1358. (1.) Certain substantives without an attribute are put in the ablative alone to denote manner; but usually substantives without an attribute have #cum#.

(_a._) Such adverbial ablatives are #iūre# and #iniūriā#, #ratiōne et viā#, #silentiō#, #vitiō#, #ōrdine#, #sponte#, #cōnsuētūdine#, &c.: as, #Arātus iūre laudātur#, _Off._ 2, 81, _Aratus is justly admired_. #iniūriā suspectum#, _C._ 1, 17, _wrongfully suspected_. #in omnibus, quae ratiōne docentur et viā#, _O._ 116, _in everything that is taught with philosophic method_. #silentiō ēgressus#, 7, 58, 2, _going out in silence_. #cēnsōrēs vitiō creātī#, L. 6, 27, 5, _censors irregularly appointed_. #ōrdine cūncta exposuit#, L. 3, 50, 4, _he told the whole story from beginning to end_, i.e. with all the particulars. (_b._) With #cum#: #face rem hanc cum cūrā gerās#, Pl. _Per._ 198, _see that this job with care thou dost_. #cum virtūte vīvere#, _Fin._ 3, 29, _to live virtuously_.

1359. (2.) The ablative of a substantive with an attribute is often used to denote manner, sometimes with #cum#: as,

(_a._) #ī pede faustō#, H. _E._ 2, 2, 37, _go with a blessing on thy foot_. #dat sonitū magnō strāgem#, Lucr. 1, 288, _it deals destruction with a mighty roar_. #ferārum rītū sternuntur#, L. 5, 44, 6, _they throw themselves down beast-fashion_. #apis Matīnae mōre modōque operōsa carmina fingō#, H. 4, 2, 27, _in way and wise of Matin bee laborious lays I mould_. #‘indoctus’ dīcimus brevī prīmā litterā, ‘īnsānus’ prōductā, ‘inhūmānus’ brevī, ‘īnfēlīx’ longā#. _O._ 159, _we pronounce_ #indoctus# _with the first letter short_, #īnsānus# _with it long_, #inhūmānus# _with it short_, #īnfēlīx# _with it long_ (167). #ternō cōnsurgunt ōrdine rēmī#, V. 5, 120, _with triple bank each time in concert rise the oars_. (_b._) #Allobroges magnā cum cūrā suōs fīnēs tuentur#, 7, 65, 3, _the Allobrogans guard their own territory with great care_.

1360. With a substantive meaning _way_ or _manner_, as #modō#, #rītū#, &c., _feeling_ or _intention_, as #hāc mente#, #aequō animō#, _condition_, as #eā condiciōne#, or a part of the body, as in #nūdō capite#, _bareheaded_, #cum# is not used.

1361. Other expressions denoting manner, particularly prepositional expressions with #per#, may be found in the dictionary: as, #per dolum#, 4, 13, 1, _by deceit_, #per iocum#, _Agr._ 2, 96, _in fun_, #per litterās#, _Att._ 5, 21, 13, _by letter_, _in writing_, #per vim#, _RA._ 32, _violently_, #per praestigiās#, _V._ 4, 53, _by some hocus pocus or other_, &c., &c. Sometimes the ablative with #ex#.

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.

1362. (1.) The ablative of a substantive, with a predicate participle in agreement, is used to denote an attendant circumstance of an action.

In this construction, which is called the _Ablative Absolute_, (_a._) the present participle is sometimes used: as, #nūllō hoste prohibente incolumem legiōnem in Nantuātīs perdūxit#, 3, 6, 5, _with no enemy hindering, he conducted the legion in safety to the Nantuates_. Much oftener, however, (_b._) the perfect participle: as, #hōc respōnsō datō discessit#, 1, 14, 7, _this answer given he went away_. (_c._) The future participle is also used in the ablative absolute from Livy on: as, #hospite ventūrō, cessābit nēmo tuōrum#, J. 14, 59, _a visitor to come, your slaves will bustle each and all_.

1363. A predicate ablative with a participle meaning _made_, _kept_, _chosen_, or the like, occurs in Cicero, Caesar, Nepos, and Livy, but is rare (1167): as, #Dolābellā hoste dēcrētō#, _Ph._ 11, 16, _Dolabella having been voted an enemy of the state_.

1364. The perfect participles of deponents used actively in the ablative absolute, are chiefly those of intransitive use, such as #nātus#, #mortuus#, #ortus#, #profectus#. From Sallust on, other perfect deponent

## participles also are used actively with an accusative. Cicero and Caesar

use a few deponent participles, such as #ēmeritus#, #pactus#, #partītus#, #dēpopulātus#, as passives, and later authors use many other

## participles so.

1365. (2.) The ablative of a substantive, with a predicate noun in agreement, is often used to denote an attendant circumstance of an

## action: as,

#brevitātem secūtus sum tē magistrō#, _Fam._ 11, 25, 1, _I aimed at brevity with you as a teacher_. #nātus dīs inimīcīs#, Pl. _Most._ 563, _born under wrath of gods_. #M. Messālā et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus#, 1, 2, 1, _in the consulship of Messala and Piso_. #istō praetōre vēnit Syrācūsās#, _V._ 4, 61, _in the defendant’s praetorship he came to Syracuse_.

1366. The nominative #quisque#, #plerīque#, or #ipse#, sometimes accompanies the ablative absolute: as, #causā ipse prō sē dictā, damnātur#, L. 4, 44, 10, _he is condemned after pleading his case in person_.

1367. The ablative absolute may denote in a loose way various relations which might be more distinctly expressed by subordinate sentences.