Part 41

#ut# often has as a correlative #ita#, #item#, #itidem#, #sīc#, #perinde#, or #similiter#, and sometimes in old Latin and poetry #aequē#, #adaequē#, #pariter#, #nōn aliter#, #nōn secus#, #īdem#. #sīc# is sometimes drawn to the protasis, making #sīcutī#, #sīcut#; #utī# is sometimes strengthened by #vel#, making #velutī#, #velut#, _even as_, _just as_. #quemadmodum# often, and #quōmodo# sometimes, stands for #ut#. For the use of #ut# in old Latin in sentences in which classical Latin would employ the indirect question, see 1791. For coordinated comparative sentences without #ut#, see 1704.

#perge ut īnstituistī#, _RP._ 2, 22, _go on as you have begun_. #ut volēs mēd esse, ita erō#, Pl. _Ps._ 240, _as you will have me be, so will I be_ (1625). #ut sēmentem fēceris, ita metēs#, _DO._ 2, 261, _as you sow, y’are like to reap_ (1626). #ut nōn omnem frūgem in omnī agrō reperīre possīs, sīc nōn omne facinus in omnī vītā nāscitur#, _RA._ 75, _every crime does not start into being in every life, any more than you can find every fruit in every field_ (1731). Also in asseverations: #ita mē dī amābunt, ut ego hunc auscultō lubēns#, Pl. _Aul._ 496, _so help me heaven, as I am glad to hear this man_ (1622).

1938. #ut . . . ita# or #sīc#, _as . . . so_, often stand where concessive and adversative conjunctions might be used; _while . . . nevertheless_, _although ... yet_, _certainly . . . but_: as,

#ut nihil bonī est in morte, sīc certē nihil malī#, _L._ 14, _while there is nothing good after death, yet certainly there is nothing bad_. #quō factō sīcut glōriam auxit, ita grātiam minuit#, Suet. _Oth._ 1, _by this action he increased his reputation, but lessened his popularity_. #nec ut iniūstus in pāce rēx, ita dux bellī prāvus fuit#, L. 1, 53, 1, _but while he was an unjust king in peace, he was not a bad leader in war_. This adversative correlation is found sometimes in Cicero, but is far more common in late writers.

1939. #ut quisque#, commonly with a superlative expression, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of equality, with #ita# or #sīc# and commonly another superlative expression in the apodosis: as,

#ut quaeque rēs est turpissima, sīc maximē vindicanda est#, _Caec._ 7, _the more disgraceful a thing is, the more emphatically does it call for punishment_. #ut quisque optimē Graecē scīret, ita esse nēquissimum#, _DO._ 2, 265, _that the better Greek scholar a man was, the greater rascal he always was_ (1722). This construction is often abridged: as, #sapientissimus quisque aequissimō animō moritur#, _CM._ 83, _the sage always dies with perfect resignation_. #optimus quisque praeceptor frequentiā gaudet#, Quint. 1, 2, 9, _the best teachers always revel in large classes_. See 2397.

1940. #ut# often introduces a parenthetical idea, particularly a general truth or a habit which accounts for the special fact expressed in the main sentence: as,

#nēmō, ut opīnor, in culpā est#, _Clu._ 143, _nobody, as I fancy, is to blame_. #excitābat flūctūs in simpulō, ut dīcitur, Grātidius#, _Leg._ 3, 36, _Gratidius was raising a tempest in a teapot, as the saying is_. #paulisper, dum sē uxor, ut fit, comparat, commorātus est#, _Mil._ 28, _he had to wait a bit, as is always the case, while his wife was putting on her things_. #hōrum auctōritāte adductī, ut sunt Gallōrum subita cōnsilia, Trebium retinent#, 3, 8, 3, _influenced by these people they detain Trebius, as might have been expected, sudden resolutions being always characteristic of the Gauls_. #sēditiōne nūntiātā, ut erat laenā amictus, ita vēnit in cōntiōnem#, _Br._ 56, _an outbreak was reported, and he came to the meeting all accoutred as he was, with his sacrificial robe on_. Often elliptically: as, #acūtī hominis, ut Siculī#, _TD._ 1, 15, _a bright man, of course, being a Sicilian_. #Aequōrum exercitus, ut quī permultōs annōs imbellēs ēgissent, trepidāre#, L. 9, 45, 10, _the army of the Aequians alarmed and irresolute, and naturally, since they had passed a great many years without fighting_ (1824, 1827).

1941. #ut#, _as for example_, is used in illustrations, particularly in abridged sentences (1057): as,

#genus est quod plūrēs partēs amplectitur, ut ‘animal.’ pars est, quae subest generī, ut ‘equos,’# _Inv._ 1, 32, _a class is what embraces a number of parts, as ‘living thing’; a part is what is included in a class, as ‘horse.’_ #sunt bēstiae in quibus inest aliquid simile virtūtis, ut in leōnibus, ut in canibus#, _Fin._ 5, 38, _there are brutes in which there is a something like the moral quality of man, as for instance the lion and the dog_.

1942. The parenthetical clause with #ut# or #prout# sometimes makes an allowance for the meaning of a word, usually an adjective, in the main sentence: as,

#cīvitās ampla atque flōrēns, ut est captus Germānōrum#, 4, 3, 3, _a grand and prosperous community, that is according to German conceptions_. #ut captus est servōrum, nōn malus#, T. _Ad._ 480, _not a bad fellow, as slaves go_. #Sthenius ab adulēscentiā haec comparārat, supellēctilem ex aere ēlegantiōrem, tabulās pīctās, etiam argentī bene factī prout Thermītānī hominis facultātēs ferēbant, satis#, _V._ 2, 83, _Sthenius had been a collector from early years of such things as artistic bronzes, pictures; also of curiously wrought silver a goodly amount, that is as the means of a Thermae man went_. Often in abridged sentences: as, #scrīptor fuit, ut temporibus illīs, lūculentus#, _Br._ 102, _he was a brilliant historian for the times_. #multae etiam, ut in homine Rōmānō, litterae#, _CM._ 12, _furthermore, extensive reading, that is for a Roman_. #ut illīs temporibus, praedīves#, L. 4, 13, 1, _a millionaire, for those times_.

1943. #ut#, _as indeed_, _as in fact_, with the indicative, is used to represent that an action supposed, conceded, or commanded, really occurs: as,

#sit Ennius sānē, ut est certē, perfectior#, _Br._ 76, _grant, for aught I care, that Ennius is a more finished poet, as indeed he is_. #utī erat rēs, Metellum esse ratī#, S. _I._ 69, 1, _supposing that it was Metellus, as in fact it was_. This use begins in the classical period. It is found particularly with #quamvīs#, 1905; with #sī#, see 2017.

1944. #ut#, _as_, _like_, sometimes shows that a noun used predicatively is not literally applicable, but expresses an imputed quality or character: as,

#Cicerō ea quae nunc ūsū veniunt cecinit ut vātēs#, N. 25, 16, 4, _Cicero foretold what is now actually occurring, like a bard inspired_. #canem et faelem ut deōs colunt#, _Leg._ 1, 32, _they bow the knee to dog and cat as gods_. #quod mē sīcut alterum parentem dīligit#, _Fam._ 5, 8, 4, _because he loves me like a second father_. #rēgiae virginēs, ut tōnstrīculae, tondēbant barbam patris#, _TD._ 5, 58, _the princesses used to shave their father, just like common barber-girls_. In an untrue or a merely figurative comparison #tamquam# (1908) or #quasi# is used.

1945. In old Latin, #prae# is combined with #ut#: #praeut#, _compared with how_: as, #parum etiam, praeut futūrumst, praedicās#, Pl. _Am._ 374, _you say too little still compared with how ’twill be_. #praeut# is sometimes followed by a relative clause: as, #lūdum iocumque dīcet fuisse illum alterum, praeut huius rabiēs quae dabit#, T. _Eu._ 300, _he’ll say the other was but sport and play, compared with what this youth will in his frenzy do_.

1946. In Plautus #sīcut#, with the indicative, has once or twice the meaning of _since_: as, #quīn tū illam iubē abs tē abīre quō lubet: sīcut soror eius hūc gemina vēnit Ephesum#, _MG._ 974, _why, bid her go away from you wherever she may choose, since her twin sister here to Ephesus is come_.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

#utī# or #ut#.

NEGATIVE #ut nē#, #nē#, or #ut nōn#.

1947. The subjunctive with #ut# is: (A.) That of action desired (1540), in clauses of purpose; in these the negative is #nē#, or sometimes #ut nē#, and _and that not_, #nēve# or #neu#, rarely #neque# or #nec#. #ut nē#, though used at all periods (not by Caesar, Sallust, or Livy), is chiefly found in older Latin; afterwards #nē# alone took its place (1706). #ut nōn# is used when the negative belongs to a single word. (B.) That of action conceivable (1554), in clauses of result; in these the negative is #ut nōn#, #ut nēmō#, #ut nūllus#, &c.; or with emphasis on the negative, #nēmō ut#, #nūllus ut#, #nihil ut#; also #vix ut#, #paene ut#, #prope ut#.

1948. Final and consecutive clauses with #ut# are of two classes: I. Complementary clauses, that is, such as are an essential complement of certain specific verbs or expressions; such clauses have the value of a substantive, and may represent a subject, an object, or any oblique case. II. Pure final or consecutive clauses, in which the purpose or result of any action may be expressed, and which are not essential to complete the sense of a verb.

(A.) PURPOSE.

I. COMPLEMENTARY FINAL CLAUSES.

1949. (1.) The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of will or aim.

1950. (_a._) Verbs of will include those of desire, request, advice, resolution, stipulation, command, or permission.

Will may be suggested by a general verb or expression: as, #dīcō#, #respondeō#, #nūntiō#, &c.; or denoted by specific ones, of which some of the commonest are: desire: #volō# (#mālō#), #concupīscō#, #optō#. request: #petō#, #postulō#, #flāgitō#, #ōrō#, #rogō#, #precor#, #obsecrō#, #implōrō#, #instō#, _urge_, #invītō#. advice: #suādeō#, #persuādeō#, _persuade_, #moneō#, _bid_, #admoneō#, #hortor#, #cēnseō#, _propose_, _vote_. resolution, stipulation: #dēcernō#, #statuō#, _decree_, #cōnstituō#, #placet#, #sanciō#, #pacīscor#, #pepigī#. command: #imperō#, #praecipiō#, #praescrībō#, #mandō#, #negōtium dō#, #ēdīcō#, #ferō#, #caveō#, #interdīcō#. permission: #concēdō#, _allow_, #permittō#, #committō#, #potestātem faciō#, #veniam dō#, #sinō#, #nōn patior#.

1951. (_b._) Verbs of aim include those of striving, accomplishing, or inducing; such are:

striving: #agō# or #id agō#, #animum indūcō#, #temptō#, #operam dō#, #labōrō#, #nītor#, #ēnītor#, #mōlior#, #videō#, #prōspiciō#, #cūrō#, #nihil antīquius habeō quam#, #contendō#, #studeō#, #pūgnō#. accomplishing: #faciō# (#efficiō#, #perficiō#), #praestō#; #mereō#; #impetrō#, #adsequor#, #cōnsequor#, #adipīscor#. inducing: #moveō#, #excitō#, #incitō#, #impellō#, #perpellō#, #cōgō#.

(_a._) #optāvit ut in currum patris tollerētur#, _Off._ 3, 94, _he asked to be lifted into his father’s chariot_. #optō nē sē illa gēns moveat#, _Fam._ 12, 19, 2, _I hope and pray that that nation may not stir_. #Ubiī ōrābant, ut sibī̆ auxilium ferret#, 4, 16, 5, _the Ubians begged that he would help them_. #Pausaniās ōrāre coepit nē ēnūntiāret#, N. 4, 4, 6, _Pausanias began to beg that he would not tell_. #hortātus est utī in officiō manēret#, 5, 4, 2, _he urged him to remain steadfast in duty_. #hortātur eōs nē animō dēficiant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 19, 1, _he urges them not to get disheartened_ (1752). #suīs, ut idem faciant, imperat#, 5, 37, 1, _he orders his men to do the same_. #suīs imperāvit nē quod omnīnō tēlum rēicerent#, 1, 46, 2, _he ordered his men not to throw any weapon at all back_. #huic permīsit, utī in hīs locīs legiōnem conlocāret#, 3, 1, 3, _he allowed this man to quarter his legion in these parts_. #neque suam neque populī Rōmānī cōnsuētūdinem patī, utī sociōs dēsereret#, 1, 45, 1, _that his practice and that of the Roman nation would not allow him to desert his allies_.

(_b._) #neque id agere ut exercitum teneat ipse, sed nē illī habeant quō contrā sē ūtī possint#, Caes. _C._ 1, 85, 11, _and that his object was not to hold the army himself, but to prevent the other side from having an army which they could use against him_. #XII nāvibus āmissīs, reliquīs ut nāvigārī commodē posset effēcit#, 4, 31, 3, _a dozen vessels were lost, but he managed to sail comfortably with the rest_. #eius bellī fāma effēcit nē sē pugnae committerent Sappīnātēs#, L. 5, 32, 4, _the story of this war prevented the Sappinatians from hazarding an engagement_. #sī ā Chrȳsogonō nōn impetrāmus ut pecūniā nostrā contentus sit, vītam nē petat#, _RA._ 150, _if we do not succeed in making Chrysogonus satisfied with our money without his aiming at our life_. #Aulum spē pactiōnis perpulit, utī in abditās regiōnēs sēsē īnsequerētur#, S. _I._ 38, 2, _Aulus he induced by the hope of a pecuniary settlement to follow him to distant regions_. #Antōnium pactiōne prōvinciae perpulerat, nē contrā rem pūblicam sentīret#, S. _C._ 26, 4, _by agreeing to let Antony have a province, he had induced him not to be disaffected toward the government_.

1952. Many of these verbs often have a coordinated subjunctive (1705-1713), or, according to the meaning, admit other constructions, which must in general be learned by reading, or from the dictionary. The following points may be noticed:

1953. (_a._) The verbs of resolving, #statuō#, #cōnstituō#, and #dēcernō#, and of striving, #nītor#, and #temptō#, have usually the complementary infinitive (2169), unless a new subject is introduced. For #volō# (#mālō#), and #cupiō#, see also 2189; for #iubeō#, #vetō#, #sinō#, and #patior#, 2198. #postulō#, _expect_, often has the same construction as #volō#, especially in old Latin (2194). For #imperō#, see 2202.

1954. (_b._) Some of the above verbs, with the meaning _think_ or _say_, have the accusative with the infinitive (2175, 2195): as, #volō#, #contendō#, _maintain_, #concēdō#, _admit_, #statuō#, _assume_, #dēcernō#, _judge_, #moneō#, _remind_, #persuādeō#, _convince_.

1955. (_c._) Verbs of accomplishing sometimes express result rather than purpose, and when the result is negative, are completed by a clause with #ut nōn# (1965). For the infinitive with such verbs, see 2196.

1956. #est# with a predicate noun is sometimes equivalent to a verb of will or aim, and has the same construction.

So with words like #iūs#, #lēx#, #mūnus#, &c.: as, #iūs esse bellī ut quī vīcissent hīs quōs vīcissent imperārent#, 1, 36, 1, _that rules of war entitled conquerors to lord it over conquered_. #quis nescit prīmam esse historiae lēgem, nē quid falsī dīcere audeat?# _DO._ 2, 62, _who does not know that the first rule of history is that it shall not venture to say anything false?_ #iūstitiae prīmum mūnus est ut nē cui quis noceat#, _Off._ 1, 20, _the first duty of justice is that a man harm nobody_. #nam id arbitror adprīmē in vītā esse ūtile, ‘ut nē quid nimis,’# T. _Andr._ 60, _for this I hold to be a rule in life that’s passing useful, ‘naught in overplus.’_

1957. (2.) The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is used in clauses which complete expressions of fear, anxiety, or danger.

#ut#, _that not_, _may not_, and #nē#, _lest_, _may_, were originally signs of a wish (1540): thus, #vereor, ut fīat#, _I am afraid; may it come to pass_, acquires the meaning of _I am afraid it may not come to pass_ (1706); and #vereor, nē fīat#, _I am afraid; may it not come to pass_, of _I am afraid it may come to pass_. #metuō ut# is common in old Latin, and is used by Horace, but not by Caesar or Sallust, once by Cicero in the orations. #timeō ut# is rare, and first used by Cicero. #vereor ut# is not uncommon.

#at vereor ut plācārī possit#, T. _Ph._ 965, _but I’m afraid she can’t be reconciled_. #nē uxor rescīscat metuit#, Pl. _As._ 743, _he is afraid his wife may find it out_. #ō puer, ut sīs vītālis metuō, et maiōrum nē quis amīcus frīgore tē feriat#, H. _S._ 2, 1, 60, _my boy, you’ll not see length of days I fear, and that some grander friend may with his coldness cut you dead_. #nēquid summā dēperdat metuēns aut ampliet ut rem#, H. _S._ 1, 4, 31, _in dread lest from his store he something lose or may not add to his estate_. #metuō nē nōs nōsmet perdiderīmus uspiam#, Pl. _MG._ 428, _I’m afraid we’ve lost ourselves somewhere_. #sollicitus nē turba perēgerit orbem#, J. 5, 20, _apprehensive that the throng may have finished its round_. #nē nōn# is often, though rarely in old Latin, used for #ut#, and regularly when the expression of fear is negative: as, #nōn vereor nē hoc officium meum P. Servīliō nōn probem#, _V._ 4, 82, _I have no fear but I may make my services acceptable in the eyes of Servilius_. For #nōn metuō quīn#, see 1986.

1958. #vereor nē# is often equivalent to _I rather think_, and #vereor ut# to _hardly_. #vidē (videāmus, videndum est) nē#, and similar expressions, are sometimes used for #vereor nē#, to introduce something conjectured rather than proved: as,

#vereor nē barbarōrum rēx fuerit#, _RP._ 1, 58, _I rather think he was king over savages_. #vidē nē mea coniectūra multō sit vērior#, _Clu._ 97, _I rather think my conjecture is in better keeping with the facts_.

1959. Other constructions with expressions of fear are: (_a._) Indirect question. (_b._) Accusative with infinitive. (_c._) Complementary infinitive: as,

(_a._) #erī semper lēnitās verēbar quorsum ēvāderet#, T. _Andr._ 175, _I was afraid how master’s always gentleness would end_. #timeō quid sit#, T. _Hau._ 620, _I have my fears what it may be_. #timeō quid rērum gesserim#, Pl. _MG._ 397, _I am concerned to think what capers I have cut_. #metuō quid agam#, T. _Hau._ 720, _I’m scared and know not what to do_ (1731). (_b._) #ego mē cupiditātis rēgnī crīmen subitūrum timērem?# L. 2, 7, 9, _was I to fear being charged with aspiring to a throne?_ (_c._) #vereor cōram in ōs tē laudāre#, T. _Ad._ 269, _I am afraid to disgrace you with praise to the face_ (2168).

1960. (3.) The subjunctive with #nē# is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of avoiding, hindering, and resisting.

Such are: avoiding: #caveō#, #mē ēripiō#, #vītō#. hindering: #intercēdō#, #interdīcō#, #recūsō#, #repugnō#, #temperō#; also the following which often have #quōminus# (1977): #dēterreō#, #impediō#, #obsistō#, #obstō#, #officiō#, #prohibeō#, #teneō#. resisting: #resistō#, #repugnō#, #recūsō#; with these last often #quōminus#. Some of the above verbs when preceded by a negative also take #quīn# (1986); #prohibeō# and #impediō# have also the accusative with the infinitive (2203). For the subjunctive coordinated with #cavē̆#, see 1711.

#nē quid eīs noceātur neu quis invītus sacrāmentum dīcere cōgātur ā Caesare cavētur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 86, 4, _all precaution is taken by Caesar that no harm be done them, and that nobody be compelled to take the oath against his will_. #per eōs, nē causam dīceret, sē ēripuit#, 1, 4, 2, _thanks to this display of retainers he succeeded in avoiding trial_. #plūra nē scrībam, dolōre impedior#, _Att._ 11, 13, 5, _grief prevents me from writing more_. #nē qua sibī̆ statua pōnerētur restitit#, N. 25, 3, 2, _he objected to having a statue erected in his honour_.

[Errata: 1951b ... #contendō#, #studeō#, #pūgnō#. text unchanged: word generally spelled “pugn-” (see endnote on first edition) 1958 ... #vidē nē mea coniectūra multō sit vērior#, _Clu._ 97 . for ,]

II. PURE FINAL CLAUSES.

1961. The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is used to denote the purpose of the main action.

The purpose is often indicated in the main sentence by an expression like #ideō#, #idcircō#, #proptereā#, #eā mente#, &c.

#vigilās dē nocte, ut tuīs cōnsultōribus respondeās#, _Mur._ 22, _you have to get up early in the morning to give advice to your clients_. #maiōrēs nostrī ab arātrō addūxērunt Cincinnātum, ut dictātor esset#, _Fin._ 2, 12, _our fathers brought Cincinnatus from his plough, to be dictator_. #dīcam auctiōnis causam, ut damnō gaudeant#, Pl. _St._ 207, _I’ll tell the reason for the sale, that o’er my losses they may gloat_. #quīn etiam nē tōnsōrī collum committeret, tondēre fīliās suās docuit#, _TD._ 5, 58, _why, he actually taught his own daughters to shave, so as not to trust his throat to a barber_. #Caesar, nē graviōrī bellō occurreret, ad exercitum proficīscitur#, 4, 6, 1, _to avoid facing war on a more formidable scale, Caesar goes to the army_. #tē ulcīscar, ut nē inpūne in nōs inlūseris#, T. _Eu._ 941, _I’ll be revenged on you, so that you shan’t play tricks on me for nothing_ (1947). #nē īgnōrārētis esse aliquās pācis vōbīs condiciōnēs, ad vōs vēnī#, L. 21, 13, 2, _I have come to you to let you know that you have some chances of peace_ (1754). #ita mē gessī nē tibī̆ pudōrī essem#, L. 40, 15, 6, _I comported myself in such a way that I might not be a mortification to you_. #Mariōnem ad tē eō mīsī, ut tēcum ad mē venīret#, _Fam._ 16, 1, 1, _I sent Mario to you with the intention of having him come with you to me_. #idcircō nēmō superiōrum attigit, ut hīc tolleret? ideō C. Claudius rettulit, ut C. Verrēs posset auferre?# _V._ 4, 7, _was that the reason why no former officials laid a finger on it, that this man might swoop it away? was that why Claudius returned it, that a Verres might carry it off?_ #danda opera est, ut etiam singulīs cōnsulātur, sed ita, ut ea rēs aut prōsit aut certē nē obsit rē̆ī pūblicae#, _Off._ 2, 72, _we must be

## particular in regarding the interests of individuals as well, but with

this restriction, that our action may benefit, or at any rate may not damage the country_.

1962. The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is often used not to express the purpose of the main action, but in a parenthetical clause, as though dependant upon some verb unexpressed: as,

#ut in pauca cōnferam, testāmentō factō mulier moritur#, _Caec._ 17, _to cut a long story short, the woman makes her will and dies_. #sed ut hīc nē īgnōret, quae rēs agātur: dē nātūrā agēbāmus deōrum#, _DN._ 1, 17, _but that our friend here may know what is up: we were just on the nature of the gods_. The tense is present, in late writers the perfect, as #ut sīc dīxerim#, Quint. 1, 6, 1. Here may also be mentioned the use of #nēdum# (rarely #nē# or, from Livy on, #nēdum ut#) with the present subjunctive (rarely the imperfect): as, #satrapa numquam sufferre eius sūmptūs queat: nēdum tū possīs#, T. _Hau._ 452, _a prince couldn’t stand her extravagance, much less could you_. This is found in Terence and Lucretius once each, in Cicero, and later; not in Caesar. The preceding clause is negative or involves a negative idea. From Livy on, the verb may be omitted: as, #vix clāmōrem eōrum, nēdum impetum tulēre#, L. 34, 20, 7, _they hardly stood their war cry, much less their charge_.

1963. The subjunctive is used in an assumption or concession with #ut# or #nē#, or if the negation belongs to a single word, with #ut nōn#, #nēmō#, &c.: as,

#ut taceam, quoivīs facile scītū est quam fuerim miser#, T. _Hec._ 296, _even supposing I say nothing, anybody can understand how unhappy I was_. #sed ut haec concēdantur, reliqua quī concēdī possunt?# _DN._ 3, 41, _but even supposing this be admitted, how can the rest be admitted?_ #nē sit summum malum dolor, malum certē est#, _TD._ 2, 14, _grant that suffering is not the chiefest evil, an evil it assuredly is_ (1553). #vērum ut hoc nōn sit, tamen praeclārum spectāculum mihī̆ prōpōnō#, _Att._ 2, 15, 2, _but suppose this be not the case, still I anticipate a gorgeous show_. #ac iam ut omnia contrā opīniōnem acciderent, tamen sē plūrimum nāvibus posse perspiciēbant#, 3, 9, 6, _and even supposing everything turned out contrary to expectation, still they saw clearly that they had the advantage by sea_. #ut enim nēminem alium nisi T. Patinam rogāsset, scīre potuit prōdī flāminem necesse esse#, _Mil._ 46, _for even supposing he had asked nobody but Patina, he might have known that a priest must be appointed_. This use is common in Cicero, not found in Plautus or Sallust.

1964. The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē#, generally with #ita# as a correlative, sometimes has the force of a proviso: as,

#ita probanda est clēmentia, ut adhibeātur sevēritās#, _Off._ 1, 88, _mercy is to be commended, provided that strictness is employed_. #satis memoriae meae tribuent, ut maiōribus meīs dignum crēdant#, Ta. 4, 38, _they will pay respect enough to my memory, provided they consider me worthy of my ancestors_.

(B.) RESULT.

I. COMPLEMENTARY CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES.