Part 34

1661. After a general negative, a word may be emphasized by #nē ... quidem# or #nōn modo#, or the parts of a compound sentence may be distributed by #neque . . . neque#, without destroying the negation: as,

#nihil in locīs commūnibus, nē in fānīs quidem, nihil istum neque prīvātī neque pūblicī tōtā in Siciliā relīquisse#, _V._ 4, 2, _that the defendant has left nothing untouched in public places, no, not even in the temples, nothing either in the way of private or of public property, in all Sicily_. Similarly when a coordinate member is appended with #neque#: as, #nequeō satis mīrārī neque conicere#, T. _Eu._ 547, _I can’t quite puzzle out or guess_.

COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT COPULATIVES.

1662. Different copulatives are sometimes combined, as follows.

1663. (1.) The affirmative copulatives #et# and #-que# are sometimes combined, particularly in abridged sentences: as,

#et Epamīnōndās praeclārē cecinisse dīcitur, Themistoclēsque est habitus indoctior#, _TD._ 1, 4, _Epaminondas in the first place is said to have played beautifully, and Themistocles was not considered exactly an educated man_. This combination is used by Cicero rarely, by Horace in the satires, and rarely by late writers.

1664. The sequence #-que . . . et# is rare in old Latin, and not used by Caesar, Vergil, or Horace. #-que . . . atque# is first used by Lucretius, then by Vergil, Ovid, Livy, and Tacitus.

1665. (2.) Affirmative and negative copulatives are sometimes combined. Thus #neque# or #nec# combined with #et#, in the sequences #neque . . . et# and #et . . . neque#, which is rare in old Latin, is common in Cicero: as,

#nec mīror et gaudeō#, _Fam._ 10, 1, 4, _in the first place I am not surprised, and in the second place I feel glad_; #neque . . . et nōn#, however, is rare. #patēbat via et certa neque longa#, _Ph._ 11, 4, _there lay a road open at once plain and not long_. #neque . . . -que# begins with Cicero, but is rare (1655), #neque . . . ac# begins with Tacitus.

1666. Of all the Latin writers, Tacitus aims most at variety by combination of asyndeton and by the use of different copulatives: as, #rēgem Rhamsēn Libyā Aethiopiā Mēdīsque et Persīs et Bactriānō ac Scythā potītum#, 2, 60, _that king Rhamses got control of Libya and Aethiopia and the Medes and Persians, and the Bactrian and Scythian_.

(_b._) DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

1667. Disjunctive conjunctions connect the sentences, but disconnect the meaning. They are #aut#, #vel#, #sīve# or #seu#, #-ve#, and #an#, _or_. Of these conjunctions, #aut#, #vel#, and #sīve# are often placed before two or more members of a sentence in the sense of _either . . . or_. And in poetry, #-ve . . . -ve# sometimes occurs.

1668. (1.) #aut#, _or_, sometimes _or even_, _or at least_, is used between two members which are to be represented as essentially different in meaning, and of which one excludes the other: as,

#hīc vincendum aut moriendum, mīlitēs, est#, L. 21, 43, 5, _here you must conquer, my men, or die_. #hōrae mōmentō cita mors venit aut victōria laeta#, H. _S._ 1, 1, 7, _within an hour’s brief turn comes speedy death or victory glad_. #aut vīvam aut moriar#, T. _Ph._ 483, _I shall either live or die_. #sīderibus dubiīs aut illō tempore quō sē frīgida circumagunt pigrī serrāca Boōtae#, J. 5, 22, _when stars blink faint, or even at the time when round rolls slow Boötes’ frigid wain_. #quā rē vī aut clam agendum est#, _Att._ 10, 12, 5 [10, 12b, 2], _so we must use force, or at any rate secrecy_. Sometimes #aut# connects kindred ideas: as, #equī ictī aut vulnerātī cōnsternābantur#, L. 21, 33, 6, _the horses kept getting frantic from being hit or wounded_.

1669. #aut#, in the sense of _otherwise_, _or else_, sometimes introduces a statement of what necessarily follows, if something else is not done: as,

#audendum est aliquid ūniversīs, aut omnia singulīs patienda#, L. 6, 18, 7, _you must make some bold dash collectively, or else you must suffer every thing individually_. #vel# is also occasionally used in this sense.

1670. (2.) #vel#, _or_, introduces an alternative as a matter of choice or preference, and often relates merely to the selection of an expression: as,

#eius modī coniūnctiōnem tēctōrum oppidum vel urbem appellāvērunt#, _RP._ 1, 41, _such a collection of dwelling-houses they called, well, a town or a city, whichever you please_. #vel imperātōre vel mīlite mē ūtiminī#, S. _C._ 20, 16, _use me as your generalissimo or as a private, whichever you will_. #Catilīnam ex urbe vel ēiēcimus vel ēmīsimus vel ipsum ēgredientem verbīs prōsecūtī sumus#, _C._ 2, 1, _we have--what shall I say?--driven Catiline out of town, or allowed him to go out, or, when he was going out of his own accord, wished him a pleasant journey_. #vel# is often followed by #etiam#, #potius#, or #dīcam#. From Tacitus on, #vel# is sometimes used in the sense of #aut#: as, #vincendum vel cadendum esse#, Ta. 14, 35, _they must do or die_ (1668).

1671. #vel# is sometimes used in the sense of _if you will_, _even_, or _perhaps_, especially before superlatives, or in the sense of _for instance_: as,

#huius domus est vel optima Messānae, nōtissima quidem certē#, _V._ 4, 3, _this gentleman’s house is perhaps the finest in all Messana, at any rate the best known_. #amant tēd omnēs mulierēs, neque iniūriā: vel illae, quae here palliō mē reprehendērunt#, Pl. _MG._ 58, _the girls all idolize you, well they may; for instance those that buttonholed me yesterday_.

1672. (3.) #sīve# or #seu#, _or_, used as a disjunctive conjunction, denotes a distinction which is not essential, or the speaker’s uncertainty as to some matter of detail; when used once only, it is chiefly in corrections, often with #potius#, _rather_, added; as,

#is Ascanius urbem mātrī seu novercae relīquit#, L. 1, 3, 3, _said Ascanius left the city to his mother, or his stepmother, if you prefer_. #dīxit Pompēius, sīve voluit#, _QFr._ 2, 3, 2, _Pompey made a speech, or rather attempted to make one_.

1673. #sīve# is often repeated in the sense of _either_, or _no matter whether . . . or_: as,

#ita sīve cāsū sīve cōnsiliō deōrum, quae pars calamitātem populō Rōmānō intulerat, ea prīnceps poenās persolvit#, 1, 12, 6, _thus, no matter whether from chance or through special providence, the part which had done damage to Rome was the first to pay penalty in full_.

1674. (4.) #-ve# rarely connects main sentences, usually only the less important parts of the sentence, or, oftener still, subordinate sentences: as,

#cūr timeam dubitemve locum dēfendere?# J. 1, 103, _why should I fear or hesitate to stand my ground?_ #Appius ad mē bis terve litterās mīserat#, _Att._ 6, 1, 2, _Appius had written me two or three times_. With #nē# it forms #nēve# or #neu#, which is used as a continuation of #nē# or #ut#: see 1581; 1586; 1947.

1675. (5.) The interrogative particle #an# sometimes becomes a disjunctive conjunction, _or_, _or possibly_, _or perhaps_: as, #Simōnidēs an quis alius#, _Fin._ 2, 104, _Simonides or possibly somebody else_. Common in Cicero, though not so in his speeches, and in Livy, commonest in Tacitus.

[Erratum: 1667 ... #aut#, #vel#, and #sīve# are often #sīve#. are]

(_c._) ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

1676. Adversative conjunctions connect the sentences, but contrast the meaning. They are #autem#, _on the other hand_, #sed#, #vērum#, #cēterum#, _but_, #vērō#, _but_, _indeed_, #at#, _but_, #tamen#, #nihilō minus#, _nevertheless_.

Of these conjunctions, #autem# and #vērō# are put after one word, or sometimes after two closely connected words; #tamen# is put either at the beginning, or after an emphatic word.

1677. (1.) #autem#, _again_, _on the other hand_, _however_, simply continues the discourse by a statement appended to the preceding, without setting it aside: as,

#hōrum prīncipibus pecūniās, cīvitātī autem imperium tōtīus prōvinciae pollicētur#, 7, 64, 8, _to the chieftains of this nation on the one hand he promises moneys, and to the community on the other hand the hegemony of the whole province_. The opposition in a sentence introduced by #autem#, _again_, is often so weak that a copulative, _and_, might be used: as, #ille quī Dī̆ogenem adulēscēns, post autem Panaetium audierat#, _Fin._ 2, 24, _the man who in his early youth had sat at the feet of Diogenes, and afterwards of Panaetius_. #autem# is oftenest used in philosophical or didactic discourse, less frequently in history, oratory, or poetry.

1678. #autem# is often used in questions: as, #metuō crēdere :: crēdere autem?# Pl. _Ps._ 304, _I am afraid to trust :: trust, do you say?_

1679. (2.) #sed# or #set#, and #vērum#, _but_, are used either in restriction, or, after a negative, in direct opposition: as,

#vēra dīcō, sed nēquīquam, quoniam nōn vīs crēdere#, Pl. _Am._ 835, _I tell the truth, but all in vain, since you are bent not to believe_. #nōn ego erus tibī, sed servos sum#, Pl. _Cap._ 241, _I am not your master, but your slave_.

1680. #nōn modo#, or #nōn sōlum#, _not only_, _not alone_, is followed by #sed etiam# or #vērum etiam#, _but also_, by #sed . . . quoque#, _but ... as well_, or sometimes by #sed# or #vērum# alone: as,

#quī nōn sōlum interfuit hīs rēbus, sed etiam praefuit#, _Fam._ 1, 8, 1, _who has not had a hand only in these matters, but complete charge_. #quī omnibus negōtiīs nōn interfuit sōlum, sed praefuit#, _Fam._ 1, 6, 1. #nōn tantum# is sometimes used by Livy, and once or twice by Cicero, but not by Caesar or Sallust, for #nōn modo#. Livy and Tacitus sometimes omit #sed# or #vērum#.

1681. #nōn modo# has sometimes the meaning of #nōn dīcam#: as, #nōn modo ad certam mortem, sed in magnum vītae discrīmen#, _Sest._ 45, _I won’t say to certain death, but to great risk of life_.

1682. #nōn modo# or #nōn sōlum#, when attended by another negative, may also be followed by #sed nē . . . quidem#, _but not even_, or #sed vix#, _but hardly_: as,

#nōn modo tibī̆ nōn īrāscor, sed nē reprehendō quidem factum tuum#, _Sull._ 50, _so far from being angry with you I do not even criticise your action_. When both members have the same predicate, usually placed last, the negation in #nē . . . quidem# or #vix# usually applies to the first member also: as, #tālis vir nōn modo facere, sed nē cōgitāre quidem quicquam audēbit, quod nōn audeat praedicāre#, _Off._ 3, 77, _a man of this kind will not only not venture to do, but not even to conceive anything which he would not venture to trumpet to the world_, or _will not venture to conceive, much less do_.

1683. (3.) #cēterum# is sometimes used in the sense of #sed#, in Terence, Sallust, and Livy. Sometimes also in the sense of #sed rē vērā#, in Sallust and Tacitus, to contrast reality with pretence.

1684. (4.) #vērō#, _but_, _indeed_, introduces an emphatic contrast or a climax: as,

#sed sunt haec leviōra, illa vērō gravia atque magna#, _Pl._ 86, _however, all this is less important, but the following is weighty and great_. #scīmus mūsicēn nostrīs mōribus abesse ā prīncipis persōnā, saltāre vērō etiam in vitiīs pōnī#, N. 15, 1, 2, _we know that, according to our Roman code of ethics, music is not in keeping with the character of an eminent man, and as to dancing, why that is classed among vices_. In Plautus, #vērō# is only used as an adverb; its use as an adversative conjunction begins with Terence. In the historians, #vērō# is often equivalent to #autem#.

1685. (5.) #at#, _but_, denotes emphatic lively opposition, an objection, or a contrast: as,

#brevis ā nātūrā nōbīs vīta data est; at memoria bene redditae vītae sempiterna#, _Ph._ 14, 32, _a short life hath been given by nature unto man; but the memory of a life laid down in a good cause endureth for ever_. #at# is often used before a word indicating a person or a place, to shift the scene, especially in history. In law language, #ast# sometimes occurs, and #ast# is also sometimes used, generally for the metre, in Vergil, Horace, and late poetry.

1686. (6.) #tamen#, #nihilō minus#, _nevertheless_.

#accūsātus capitis absolvitur, multātur tamen pecūniā#, N. 4, 2, 6, _he is accused on a capital charge and acquitted, but is nevertheless fined in a sum of money_. #minus dolendum fuit rē nōn perfectā, sed poeniendum certē nihilō minus#, _Mil._ 19, _there was less occasion for sorrow because the thing was not done, but certainly none the less for punishment_.

[Erratum: 1677 ... 7, 64, 8 7. 64, 8]

(2.) OTHER WORDS AS CONNECTIVES.

1687. Instead of a conjunction, other words are often used as connectives: as, #pars . . . pars#, #aliī . . . aliī#; adverbs of order or time: as, #prīmum#, _first_, or #prīmō#, _at first_ #... deinde . . . tum#, &c.; and particularly adverbs in pairs: as, #modo . . . modo#, #tum . . . tum#, less frequently #quā . . . quā#, #simul . . . simul#: as,

#multitūdō pars prōcurrit in viās, pars in vestibulīs stat, pars ex tēctīs prōspectant#, L. 24, 21, 8, _part of the throng runs out into the streets, others stand in the fore-courts, others gaze from the house-tops_. #prōferēbant aliī purpuram, tūs aliī, gemmās aliī#, _V._ 5, 146, _they produced some of them purple, others frankincense, others precious stones_. #prīmō pecūniae, deinde imperī cupīdō crēvit#, S. _C._ 10, 3, _at first a love of money waxed strong, then of power_. #tum hoc mihī̆ probābilius, tum illud vidētur#, _Ac._ 2, 134, _one minute this seems to me more likely, and another minute that_.

1688. Simple sentences may also be coordinated by words denoting inference or cause, such as #ergō#, #igitur#, #itaque#, _therefore_; #nam#, #namque#, #enim#, _for_, #etenim#, _for you see_: as,

#adfectus animī in bonō virō laudābilis, et vīta igitur laudābilis bonī virī, et honesta ergō, quoniam laudābilis#, _TD._ 5, 47, _the disposition in a good man is praiseworthy, and the life therefore of a good man is praiseworthy, and virtuous accordingly, seeing it is praiseworthy_. Of these words, #nam#, #namque#, and #itaque# are usually put first in the sentence; #enim# and #igitur#, usually after one word, rarely after two. But in Plautus regularly, and generally in Terence, #enim# has the meaning of _indeed_, _verily_, _truly_, _depend upon it_, and may stand at the beginning.

1689. In Plautus, the combination #ergō igitur# occurs, and in Terence and Livy, #itaque ergō#: as, #itaque ergō cōnsulibus diēs dicta est#, L. 3, 31, 5, _accordingly then a day was set for the trial of the consuls_.

1690. The interrogative #quippe#, _why?_ losing its interrogative meaning, is also used as a coordinating word, _why_, or _for_: as, #hōc genus omne maestum ac sollicitum est cantōris morte Tigellī: quippe benignus erat#, H. _S._ 1, 2, 2, _such worthies all are sad, are woebegone over Tigellius the minstrel’s death; why he was generosity itself_.

1691. Simple sentences may also be coordinated by pronominal words, such as #hinc#, #inde#, _hence_, #eō#, #ideō#, #idcircō#, #proptereā#, _so_, _on that account_, &c.: as,

#nocte perveniēbant; eō custōdiās hostium fallēbant#, L. 23, 19, 10, _they got there in the night; in that way they eluded the enemy’s pickets_. But #eō# and #ideō# are not used thus by Cicero, Caesar, or Sallust, or #idcircō# and #proptereā# by Cicero or Caesar.

1692. In animated rhetorical discourse any word repeated with emphasis may serve as a copulative; this is called _Anaphora_: as,

#mīles in forum, mīles in cūriam comitābātur#, Ta. 1, 7, _soldiers went with him to the forum, soldiers to the senate chamber_. #ēreptī estis ex interitū, ēreptī sine sanguine, sine exercitū, sine dīmicātiōne#, _C._ 3, 23, _you are rescued from death, rescued without bloodshed, without an army, without a struggle_.

[Erratum: 1687 ... #tum . . . tum#, less frequently , invisible]

THE INTERMEDIATE COORDINATE SENTENCE.

1693. A sentence coordinate in form with another sentence is often equivalent in meaning to a subordinate sentence. Such sentences are called _Intermediate Coordinate Sentences_.

The most varied relations of a subordinate sentence may be thus expressed by a coordinate sentence, and the combination of the two coordinate sentences is in sense equivalent to a complex sentence.

1694. Such coordinated sentences are a survival of a more primitive state of the language. They occur oftenest in Plautus and Terence, in Cicero’s philosophical works and letters, in Horace’s satires and epistles, and in Juvenal. In general they have been superseded by complex sentences, even in the oldest specimens of the language.

1695. I. The relation of the two members may not be indicated by the mood, but left to be determined from the context.

Thus, in the combination #amat, sapit#, Pl. _Am._ 995, _he is in love, he shows his sense_, the two members #amat# and #sapit# are alike in form. But in sense, #sapit# is the main member and #amat# is the subordinate member. Just what the relation of the #amat# is, whether it is #sī amat#, _if he is in love_, #cum amat#, _when he is in love_, #quod amat#, _because he is in love_, or #etsī amat#, _though he is in love_, &c., &c., is left to the reader to make out. The following are some of the commonest combinations of this class:

1696. (1.) The coordinated member may stand instead of the commoner accusative and infinitive with a verb of perceiving, thinking, knowing, or saying (2175). Such are #crēdō#, #fateor#, #opīnor#, #putō#, #certum est#, &c.: as,

#lūdōs mē facitis, intellegō#, Pl. _Per._ 802, _you are making game of me, I am aware_. #nārrō tibī̆: plānē relēgātus mihī̆ videor#, _Att._ 2, 11, 1, _I tell you what, I seem to myself regularly banished_. #spērō, servābit fidem#, Pl. _E._ 124, _I hope he’ll keep his word_ (2235).

1697. (2.) The coordinated member may be a direct question or an exclamation.

Thus (_a._) in enquiries calling for an answer: as, #sīgnī dīc quid est#, Pl. _Am._ 421, _tell me, what is there in the shape of seal?_ (1251). Or (_b._) in ejaculation: as, #viden ut astat furcifer?# Pl. _Most._ 1172, _seest how the knave is posing there?_ #vidēte quaesō, quid potest pecūnia#, Pl. _St._ 410, _see pray how all-commanding money is_. This construction occurs oftenest in comedy, and with an imperative meaning _say_, _tell_, or _look_. The subordinate construction is the rule: see 1773.

1698. (3.) The coordinated member rarely represents a relative sentence (1816): as,

#urbs antīqua fuit, Tyriī tenuēre colōnī#, V. 1, 12, _there was an ancient town, which Tyrian settlers held_. #est locus, Hesperiam Graī cōgnōmine dīcunt#, V. 1, 530, _there is a place, the Greeks by name Hesperia call_, imitated from #est locus Hesperiam quam mortālēs perhibēbant#, E. in Macrob. _Sat._ 6, 1, _there is a place which sons of men Hesperia called_.

1699. (4.) The coordinated member may represent a subordinate temporal member: as,

#vēnit hiemps, teritur Sicuōnia bāca trapētis#, V. _G._ 2, 519, _has winter come, in mills is Sicyon’s olive ground_ (1860). #vix prōram attigerat, rumpit Sāturnia fūnem#, V. 12, 650, _scarce had he touched the prow, Saturnia snaps the rope_, i.e. #cum rumpit# (1869). #lūcēbat iam ferē, prōcēdit in medium#, _V._ 5, 94, _it was just about light, when he presents himself before them_. #fuit ōrnandus in Mānīliā lēge Pompēius; temperātā ōrātiōne ōrnandī cōpiam persecūtī sumus#, _O._ 102, _when I had to glorify Pompey in the matter of the Manilius law, I went through the ample material for glorification in moderate language_.

1700. (5.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a member with #ut#, expressing result (1965): as,

#iam faxō sciēs#, T. _Eu._ 663, _I’ll let you know at once_, i.e. #sciās# (1712) or #ut sciās# (1965). #iam faxō hīc erunt#, Pl. _B._ 715, _I’ll warrant they shall soon be here_. #adeō rēs rediīt, adulēscentulus victus est#, T. _Hau._ 113, _things came to such a pass the youngster was put down_. #cētera dē genere hōc, adeō sunt multa, loquācem dēlassāre valent Fabium#, H. _S._ 1, 1, 11, _the other cases of the kind, so plentiful are they, might tire the gabbling Fabius out_. #ita haec ūmōre tigna pūtent, nōn videor mihi sarcīre posse aedīs meās#, Pl. _Most._ 146, _so sopping rotten are these joists, I don’t think I can patch my house_. #ita avidō ingeniō fuit, numquam indicāre id fīliō voluit suō#, Pl. _Aul. prol._ 9, _so niggardly was he, he’d never point it out to his own son_. #tanta incepta rēs est, haud somnīculōsē hoc agundumst#, Pl. _Cap._ 227, _so big a job have we begun, not drowsily must this be done_.

1701. (6.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a conditional protasis: as,

(_a._) #fīliam quis habet, pecūniā opus est#, _Par._ 44, _a man has a daughter, he needs money_. #trīstis es, indignor#, O. _Tr._ 4, 3, 33, _if you are sad, I feel provoked_. (_b._) #sī iste ībit, ītō; stābit, astātō simul#, Pl. _Ps._ 863, _if he shall move, move thou; but shall he stand, stand by his side_. #in caelum, iusseris, ībit#, J. 3, 78, _say but the word, he’ll mount the sky_. (_c._) #subdūc cibum ūnum diem āthlētae, Iovem Olympium inplōrābit#, _TD._ 2, 40, _cut off an athlete from his food just a day, he will pray to Jupiter aloft in Olympus_ (1574). (_d._) #Zēnōnem rogēs, respondeat totidem verbīs#, _Fin._ 4, 69, _you may ask Zeno, he would answer in just as many words_ (1556). (_e._) #tū quoque magnam partem opere in tantō, sineret dolor, Īcare, habērēs#, V. 6, 31, _thou too a goodly space in work so vast, had grief allowed, O Icarus, hadst filled_ (1559). #at darēs hanc vim M. Crassō, in forō saltāret#, _Off._ 3, 75, _but had you given this chance to Crassus, he would have capered in the market place_ (1559). #nam absque tē esset, hodiē numquam ad sōlem occāsum vīverem#, Pl. _Men._ 1022, _for were it not for you, I ne’er should live this blessed day till set of sun_ (1560, 2110). (_f._) #ūnā fuissēmus, cōnsilium certē nōn dēfuisset#, _Att._ 9, 6, 6, _had we been together, we certainly should not have lacked a programme_ (1561).

1702. (7.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a concession: as,

#id fortasse nōn perfēcimus, cōnātī quidem sumus#, _O._ 210; _though we have perhaps not attained unto this, yet we have attempted it_. #ergō illī intellegunt quid Epicūrus dīcat, ego nōn intellegō?# _Fin._ 2, 13, _do those gentlemen then understand what Epicurus means, and I not?_

1703. (8.) The coordinated member may denote efficient cause or reason: as,

#peregrīnus ego sum, Sauream nōn nōvī#, Pl. _As._ 464, _I am a stranger, and I don’t know Saurea_. #mulier es, audācter iūrās#, Pl. _Am._ 836, _because you are a woman, you are bold to swear_. #tacent, satis laudant#, T. _Eu._ 476, _their silence is sufficient praise_.

1704. (9.) The coordinated member may represent the protasis of a comparative sentence with #ut# (1937): as,

#ita mē dī ament, honestust#, T. _Eu._ 474, _so help me heaven, he is a proper man_. #sollicitat, ita vīvam, mē tua, mī Tirō, valētūdō#, _Fam._ 16, 20, _your health, dear Tiro, keeps me fidgety, as I hope to live_.

1705. II. The subordinate idea is often indicated by the subjunctive of desire coordinated with another verb, usually with one which has a different subject.

Thus, the combination #amēs: oportet#, _you should love; it is right_ (1547), in which the two verbs are used separately, blends into one whole, #amēs oportet#, _Fin._ 2, 35, _it is right you should love_. The verb with which the subjunctive is coordinated specifies more exactly the general idea of desire contained in the subjunctive itself. The tense of the coordinate subjunctive is regulated by that of the other verb.

1706. The negative employed with coordinated subjunctives is the adverb #nē#, _not_.