Part 19
895. For #-rē# in old Latin, see 134, 2. The infinitive of #fīō#, _become_, ends in #-rī#, #fī̆erī#, with a passive ending (789); twice #fīere# (Enn. Laev.). An older form for #-re# is #-se#, found in #esse#, _to be_, #ēsse#, _to eat_, and their compounds. For #velle#, _to wish_ (#mālle#, #nōlle#), see 166, 8. In the perfect, #eō#, _go_, sometimes has #-iisse# in compounds (766), and in poetry, #petō#, _go to_, has rarely #petiisse#.
896. The present infinitive passive of verbs in #-ere# has the ending #-ī#; that of other verbs has #-rī#: as,
#regī#, #capī#; #laudārī#, #monērī#, #audīrī#. #ferō#, _carry_, has #ferrī#. The length of the #ī# is sometimes indicated by the spelling #ei# (29, 2): as, DAREI.
897. A longer form in #-ier# for #-ī#, and #-rier# for #-rī#, is common in old laws and dramatic verse, and occurs sometimes in other poetry: as, FIGIER, _to be posted_, GNOSCIER, _to be read_ (inscr. 186 B.C.); #dīcier#, _to be said_, #cūrārier#, _to be looked after_ (Plaut.); #dominārier#, _to be lord paramount_ (Verg.).
898. The place of the perfect passive, future active, and future passive infinitive is supplied by a circumlocution, as seen in the paradigms. For the future perfect #-āssere#, see 887.
GERUNDIVE AND GERUND.
899. The gerundive stem is formed by adding #-ndo-#, nominative #-ndus#, #-nda#, #-ndum#, to the present stem: as,
#dandus#, stem #dando-#; #regendus#, #capiendus#; #laudandus#, #monendus#, #audiendus#. Verbs in #-ere# and #-īre# often have #-undus#, when not preceded by #u# or #v#, especially in formal style: as, #capiundus#; #eō#, _go_, always has #eundum#, and #orior#, _rise_, #oriundus#. For the adjective use, see 288. The gerund is like the oblique cases of the neuter singular. For #-bundus#, see 289; #-cundus#, 290.
SUPINE.
900. The supine stem is formed by the suffix #-tu-#, which is often changed to #-su-# (912).
This suffix is attached to a root or to a form of the present stem after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as, #nūntiātum#, _to report_, #nūntiātū#, _in reporting_, stem #nūntiātu-#. Many of the commonest verbs have no supine: as, #sum#, #eō#, #ferō#; #regō#, #emō#, #tegō#; #amō#, #dēleō#, #doceō#, &c., &c.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
901. The present participle stem is formed by adding #-nt-# or #-nti-#, nominative #-ns#, to the present stem: as,
#dāns#, _giving_, stems #dant-#, #danti-#; #regēns#, #capiēns#; #laudāns#, #monēns#, #audiēns#.
902. The adjective #sontem# (accusative, no nominative), which was originally the participle of #sum#, has #o# before the suffix, and #absēns# and #praesēns# have #e#; the participle of #eō# has #ē# in the nominative singular, otherwise #u#, #iēns#, #euntis#, &c. #n# rarely drops before #-s# (63): as, LIBES (inscr.), #exsultās# (Enn.), #animās# (Lucr.).
903. Some adjectives which were originally present participles have no verb: as, #clēmēns#, _merciful_, #ēlegāns#, _choice_, #ēvidēns#, _clear_, #frequēns#, _thick_, #petulāns#, _wanton_, #recēns#, _fresh_, #repēns#, _sudden_, &c., &c. For #potēns#, _powerful_, see 922.
FUTURE PARTICIPLE.
904. The future participle suffix is #-tūro-#, nominative #-tūrus#, #-tūra#, #-tūrum#, which is often changed to #-sūro-#, nominative #-sūrus#, #-sūra#, #-sūrum# (912).
This suffix is added to a theme after the manner of the perfect
## participle (906): as, #rēctūrus#, _going to guide_; #laudātūrus#, _going
to praise_.
905. Some future participles have a different formation from that of the perfect participle: as, #mortuus#, _dead_, #moritūrus#; see also in the dictionary #arguō#, #fruor#, #orior#, #ruō#, #secō#. And some verbs have two forms of the future participle: as, #āgnōscō#, #īgnōscō#, #hauriō#, #iuvō#, #pariō#. Some verbs which have no perfect participle have a future participle: as, #acquiēscō#, #appāreō#, #ardeō#, #caleō#, #careō#, #doleō#, #ēsuriō#, #fugiō#, #haereō#, #incidō#, #iaceō#, #-nuō#, #parcō#, #rauciō#, #recidō#, #sonō#, #stō#, #valeō#.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE.
906. The perfect participle suffix is #-to-#, nominative #-tus#, #-ta#, #-tum#, which is often changed to #-so-#, nominative #-sus#, #-sa#, #-sum# (912).
907. The perfect participle was originally active as well as passive, and some participles have retained the active meaning: as,
#adultus#, _grown up_; #ēmersus#, _rising out from_; #exōsus#, #perōsus#, _hating bitterly_; #placitus#, _engaging_; #iūrātus#, _sworn_, #coniūrātus#, _conspiring_; #prānsus#, _having lunched_, #cēnātus#, _having dined_, #pōtus#, _drunk_, &c. The perfect participles of deponents are usually active, but sometimes passive: as, #meditātus#, _having studied_, or _studied_. Many verbs are not accompanied by a perfect participle (811), particularly verbs in #-ēre#, with a parallel adjective in #-idus# (287). Intransitive verbs have usually only the neuter. A perfect active participle #meminēns# is said to have been used twice (Plaut., Laev.).
908. The perfect participle is formed in one of two separate ways:
909. (1.) From a theme consisting of a root; in this way the participles of most verbs in #-ere# and #-ēre# are formed: as,
#gestus#, _carried_, #aptus#, _fit_, #solūtus#, _loosed_ (142), #iūnctus#, _joined_ (831), #sparsus#, _sprinkled_ (170, 3); #doctus#, _taught_.
910. In some consonant root participles of verbs in #-ere#, #-āre#, or #-ēre#, which have the suffix #-u-# in the perfect stem (873), the #-to-# is preceded by a short #i#: as, #genitus#, _born_ (971-976); #domitus#, _tamed_ (993); #monitus#, _warned_ (1003, 1004, 1009). In old Latin, #e# occurs: as, MERETA (41); #e# is retained in #vegetus#, _sprightly_. One participle has #-tuo-#: #mortuus#, _dead_.
911. Some verbs in #-āre# have participles from consonant roots: as, #frictus#, _rubbed_, #fricō#, #fricāre#; see 993. Also some in #-īre#: as, #fartus#, _stuffed_ (170, 3), #farciō#, #farcīre#; #fultus#, _propped_, #fulciō#, #fulcīre#; see 1011-1015, and 1017, 1019, 1020.
912. Roots in #-d-# and #-t-# change #-to-# to #-so-#, before which the dentals change to #s# (159). After long vowels, nasals, and liquids the double #ss# is simplified to #s#: as, #fossus#, _dug_, but #dīvīsus#, _divided_; #vorsus# or #versus#, _turned_. The suffix #-so-# is also found with some roots in #-l-#, #-m-#, or #-r-# and a few others: as, #pulsus# (159).
913. (2.) From a theme in long #ā# or in long #ī#; in this way
## participles are regularly formed from denominatives in #-āre# or #-īre#
respectively: as,
#laudātus#, _praised_; #audītus#, _heard_.
914. A few perfect participles of verbs in #-ere# are formed from a presumed theme in long #ī#, or long #ē#, or from one in long #ū#: as, #petītus#, _aimed at_; #exolētus#, _grown out_; see 967-970; #tribūtus#, _assigned_; see 947, 948.
915. (1.) Many perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a short root vowel (135, 1): as,
#adspectus#, _beheld_; #captus#, _taken_; #coctus#, _cooked_; #commentus#, _devising_; #cultus#, _tilled_; #dictus#, _said_, verb #dīcō#; #ductus#, _led_, #dūcō#; #factus#, _made_; #fossus#, _dug_; #gestus#, _carried_; #inlectus#, _allured_; #questus#, _complaining_; #raptus#, _seized_; #tersus#, _neat_; #textus#, _woven_; #vorsus#, _turned_.
916. (2.) Some perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a long root vowel, sometimes even when the vowel of the parallel present stem is short (135, 1; 122, _f_): as,
#fīxus#, _fastened_, verb #fīgō#; #-flīctus#, _dashed_, #-flīgō#; #pāstus#, _fed_, #pāscō#; #pollūctus#, _offered up_, #pollūceō#; #scrīptus#, _written_, _scrībō_; #-cāsus#, _fallen_, #cadō#. Also #āctus#, _driven_, #agō#; #vīsus#, _seen_, #videō#; #frūctus#, _enjoying_, #fruor#; #lēctus#, _culled_, #legō#; #pīctus#, _painted_, #pingō#; #rēctus#, _ruled_, #regō#; #ēsus#, _eaten_, #edō#; #strūctus#, _piled_, #struō#; #tēctus#, _covered_, #tegō#; #ūnctus#, _anointed_, #unguō#; #frāctus#, _broken_, #frangō#; #pāctus#, _fixed_, #pangō#. Furthermore, #iūnctus#, _joined_, #iungō#; #sānctus#, _hallowed_, #sanciō# (831); also, #fūnctus#, _having performed_, #fungor#.
917. (1.) Most perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a long root vowel: as,
#lātus#, _borne_ (169, 1); #nātus#, _born_; #-plētus#, _filled_; #trītus#, _worn_; #nōtus#, _known_; #sūtus#, _sewed_. So also an isolated #rūtus#, in the law phrase #rūta caesa#, or #rūta et caesa#, _diggings and cuttings_, i.e. _minerals and timber_.
918. (2.) Ten perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a short root vowel; they are:
citus, datus, _hurried_, _given_ itum, ratus, _gone_, _thinking_ -rutus, satus, _fallen_, _planted_ situs, status, _lying_, _set_ litus, quitus, _besmeared_, _been able_
919. As #citus#, so always #percitus# and #incitus# (once #incītus#, doubtful); usually #concitus#, rarely #concītus#; #excitus# and #excītus# equally common; always #accītus#. #ambītus# always has long #ī# (763). #āgnitus#, _recognized_, #cōgnitus#, _known_, and the adjectives #inclutus# or #inclitus#, _of high renown_, and #putus#, _clean_, have a short root vowel. For #dēfrūtum#, #dēfrutum#, see 134, 1.
LIST OF VERBS
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE PRINCIPAL PARTS.
920. I. The principal parts of root verbs and of verbs in #-ere# are formed in a variety of ways and are best learned separately for every verb (922-986).
921. II. The principal parts of verbs in #-āre#, #-ēre#, and #-īre#, are usually formed as follows:
laudō, _praise_ laudāre laudāvī laudātus moneō, _advise_ monēre monuī monitus audiō, _hear_ audīre audīvī audītus
For other formations, see 989-1022.
I. PRIMITIVE VERBS.
(A.) ROOT VERBS.
922. Root verbs have their principal parts as follows:
sum, _am_ esse ---- ---- ----, _become_, _get_, _am_ fore fuī ----
For #fuam#, &c., #forem#, &c., #fore#, see 750. #fuī#, &c., serves as the perfect system of #sum#.
pos-sum, _can_ pos-se ---- ---- ----, _can_ ---- potuī ----
#potuī#, &c., serves as the perfect system of #possum#. Of the present system of #potuī#, only #potēns#, _powerful_, is used, and only as an adjective.
dō, _give_, _put_ dare dedī datus
For compounds, see 757.
bibō, _drink_ bibere bibī pōtus
So the compounds, with the reduplication preserved in the perfect system (860).
serō, _sow_ serere sēvī satus
Compounds have #i# for #a# in the perfect participle: as, #cōn-situs#.
sistō, _set_ sistere -stitī, status rarely stitī inquam, _quoth I_ ---- inquiī once ---- eō, _go_ īre iī, itum, -itus very rarely īvī queō, _can_ quīre quīvī quitus ne-queō, _can’t_ ne-quīre ne-quīvī ne-quitus edō, _eat_ ēsse ēdī ēsus volō, _will_, velle voluī ---- _wish_, _want_ nōlō, _won’t_ nōlle nōluī ---- mālō, _like better_ mālle māluī ---- ferō, _carry_ ferre (tulī) (lātus)
For #tulī#, old #tetulī#, and #lātus#, see 780; for the perfect of #re-ferō#, 861.
(B.) VERBS IN #-ere#.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
923. (1 _a_.) The following verbs in #-ere# have a reduplicated perfect stem (858), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-tus#:
924. (_a._) With the present stem in #{-o|e-}# (829).
canō, _make music_ canere cecinī (cantātus)
For #con-cinō#, #oc-cinō#, and #prae-cinō#, see 971 and 823.
tendō, _stretch_ tendere tetendī tentus
For #tennitur# (Ter.), #dis-tennite# (Plaut.), see 166, 4; late
## participle #tēnsus#. Compounds have #-tendī# (860) and #-tentus#. But
sometimes #ex-tēnsus#, and in late writers, #dē-tēnsus#, #dis-tēnsus#, #os-tēnsus#, and #re-tēnsus#.
925. (_b._) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by #{-o|e-}# (831).
pangō, _fix_ pangere pepigī, _agreed_ pāctus
In meaning, the perfect #pepigī# corresponds to #pacīscor#; #pānxit#, _made_, _set in verse_ (Enn.), #pānxerit#, _set_ (Col.), #pēgit# (Pac.), #pēgerit# (Cic.), _fixed_, once each. For #com-pingō# and #im-pingō#, see 938.
pungō, _punch_ pungere pupugī pūnctus
For #com-pungō# and #ex-pungō#, see 954 and 823.
tangō, _touch_ tangere tetigī tāctus
In old Latin: #tagō# (Turp.), #tagit#, #tagam# (Pac.). Compounds have #i# for #a# in the present system: as, #con-tingō#, #con-tingere#, #con-tigī# (860), #con-tāctus#; in old Latin: #at-tigās# (Plaut., Ter., Acc., Pac.), #at-tigat# (Pac.), #at-tigātis# (Plaut., Pac.).
926. (_c._) With the present stem in #-l{o|e-}# (833).
tollō, _take off_ tollere (sus-tulī) (sub-lātus)
As the perfect and perfect participle of #tollō# are appropriated by #ferō#, #tollō# takes those of #sus-tollō#. The original perfect is #tetulī# (860).
927. (_d._) With the present stem in #-sc{o|e-}# (834).
discō, _learn_ discere didicī ---- poscō, _demand_ poscere poposcī ----
For #poposcī#, see 855. For #-didicī# and #-poposcī#, see 860.
928. (_e._) With the present stem in #-i{o|e-}# (836).
pariō, _bring forth_ parere peperī partus
For forms in #-īre#, see 791. #com-periō#, 1012; #re-periō#, 1011.
929. (1 _b_.) The following verbs in #-ere# have a reduplicated perfect stem (858), and the perfect participle, when used, is #-sus# (912).
930. (_a._) With the present stem in #{-o|e-}# (829).
cadō, _fall_ cadere cecidī -cāsus
Compounds have #i# for #a# in the present system: as, #oc-cidō#, #oc-cidere#, #oc-cidī# (860), #oc-cāsus#. Rarely #e# in the present and perfect systems (Enn., Lucr., Varr.): as, #ac-cedere#, #ac-cedisset# (109). For the perfect of #re-cidō#, see 861.
caedō, _fell_, _cut_ caedere cecīdī caesus
Compounds have #ī# for #ae#: as, #ac-cīdō#, #ac-cīdere#, ac-cīdī (860), #ac-cīsus#.
parcō, _spare_ parcere pepercī ----
#pepercī#, &c. (regularly in Cic., Caes., Hor., Ov., Mart.; Nep. once; also Plaut. twice, Ter. once). Old #parsī#, &c. (Plaut. 8, Cato, Ter., Nov., Nep., once each); once #parcuit# (Naev.). Compounds: #com-perce# (Plaut.), #con-parsit# (Ter.), #in-perce#, #im-percitō#, #re-percis# (Plaut.), #re-parcent# (Lucr.).
pendō, _weigh_, _pay_ pendere pependī pēnsus
931. (_b._) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by #{-o|e-}# (831).
tundō, _pound_ tundere tutudī not used tūnsus
For the perfect of #re-tundō#, see 861; other compounds have the perfect #-tudī# (861), but once #con-tūdit# (Enn.). Perfect participle, #tūsus# (Plin., Mart.); compounds: #con-tūnsus# (Plin.), #con-tūsus# (Cato, Varr., Caes., Lucr., Sal., Verg., &c.); #ob-tūnsus# (Plaut., Verg., Liv., Sen.), #op-tūsus#, #ob-tūsus# (Lucr., Sen., Quintil., Tac.); #per-tūssus# (Plaut.), #per-tūsus# (Cato, Lucr., Liv., Sen., &c.); #re-tūnsus# (Plaut., Verg.), #re-tūsus# (Cic., Lucr., Hor.); #sub-tūsus# (Tib.).
932. (_c._) With the present stem in #-r{o|e-}#, or #-l{o|e-}# (833).
currō, _run_ currere cucurrī cursum
For perfect of compounds, see 860.
fallō, _cheat_ fallere fefellī falsus
Compound #re-fellō#, #re-fellere#, #re-fellī# (860), #----#.
pellō, _push_ pellere pepulī pulsus
For the perfect of #re-pellō#, see 861. Other compounds have #-pulī# (860).
933. (1 _c_.) The following verbs in #-ere# are without the reduplication (861):
934. (_a._) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by #{-o|e-}# (831).
findō, _split apart_ findere -fidī, rarely fidī fissus scindō, _rend_ scindere -scidī, rarely scidī scissus
935. (_b._) With the present stem in #-l{o|e-}# (833).
per-cellō, _knock down_ per-cellere per-culī per-culsus
936. (2 _a_.) The following verbs in #-ere# have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect
## participle, when used, in #-tus#:
937. (_a._) With the present stem in #{-o|e-}# (829).
agō, _drive_ agere ēgī āctus
Real compounds have #i# for #a# in the present system: as, #ab-igō#, #ab-igere#, #ab-ēgī#, #ab-āctus#; but #per-agō# retains #a#. #cōgō# and #dēgō# are contracted: #cōgō#, #cōgere#, #co-ēgī#, #co-āctus#; #dēgō#, #dēgere#, #----#, #----#.
emō, _take_, _buy_ emere ēmī emptus
#co-emō# retains #e# in the present system, and usually #inter-emō# and #per-emō#; other compounds have #-imō#. For #cōmō#, #dēmō#, #prōmō#, and #sūmō#, see 952.
----, _strike_ ---- īcī ictus
Forms of the present system are #īcit# (Plaut., Lucr.), #īcitur# (Plin.), #īcimur# (Lucr.).
legō, _pick up_, _read_ legere lēgī lēctus
Compounds with #ad#, #inter#, #nec-#, #per#, #prae#, and #re-#, have #-legō# in the present system, others #-ligō#. For #dī-ligō#, #intel-legō#, #neg-legō#, see 952.
938. (_b._) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by #{-o|e-}# (831).
com-pingō, _fix together_ com-pingere com-pēgī com-pāctus
A compound of #pangō# (925, 823).
frangō, _smash_ frangere frēgī frāctus
Compounds have #i# for #a# in the present system: as, #cōn-fringō#, #cōn-fringere#, #cōn-frēgī#, #cōn-frāctus#.
im-pingō, _drive in_ im-pingere im-pēgī im-pāctus
A compound of #pangō# (925, 823). So also #op-pēgī#.
linquō, _leave_ linquere līquī -lictus rumpō, _burst_ rumpere rūpī ruptus
So the compounds. But Plautus has #con-rumptus# and #dir-rumptus#.
vincō, _conquer_ vincere vīcī victus
939. (_c._) With the present stem in #-sc{o|e-}# (834).
pavēscō, _get afraid_ pavēscere ex-pāvī ----
940. (_d._) With the present stem in #-i{o|e-}# (836).
capiō, _take_ capere cēpī captus
Compounds have #i# for #a# in the present system and #e# in the perfect
## participle: as, #in-cipiō#, #in-cipere#, #in-cēpī#, #in-ceptus#. In the
present system, #e# is rare: as, #re-cepit# (Lucr.); #u# is frequent in old Latin.
coepiō, _begin_ rare coepere once coepī coeptus
See 812-814.
faciō, _make_ facere fēcī factus
For #fac#, see 846; for passive, 788. Compounds have #i# for #a# in the present system and #e# in the perfect participle: as, #ef-ficiō#, #ef-ficere#, #ef-fēcī#, #ef-fectus#.
fugiō, _run away_ fugere fūgī ---- iaciō, _throw_ iacere iēcī iactus
Compounds have #-iciō# (104, _c_), #-icere#, #-iēcī#, #-iectus#: as, #ē-iciō#, #ē-icere#, #ē-iēcī#, #ē-iectus#. In old Latin the present system has rarely #-ieciō#; #-iecere#. #dis-siciō# is sometimes used (Lucr., Verg.) for #dis-iciō#.
941. (2 _b_.) The following verbs in #-ere# have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect
## participle, when used, in #-sus# (912).
942. (_a._) With the present stem in #{-o|e-}# (829).
cūdō, _hammer_ cūdere -cūdī -cūsus
943. (_b._) With reduplication and #{-o|e-}# in the present stem (829).
sīdō, _settle_ sīdere sīdī, -sīdī, -sēdī -sessus
944. (_c._) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by #{-o|e-}# (831).
fundō, _pour_ fundere fūdī fūsus
945. (_d._) With the present stem in #-s{o|e-}# for #-t{o|e-}# (835).
vīsō, _go to see_ vīsere vīsī ----
946. (_e._) With the present stem in #-i{o|e-}# (836).
fodiō, _dig_ fodere fōdī fossus
For forms in #-īre#, see 791.
947. (2 _c_.) The following verbs in #-ere# (367) with the present stem in #{-o|e-}# (837, 840), have the perfect stem in #-u-# or in #-v-# of the theme (865), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-tus#:
acuō, _sharpen_ acuere acuī acūtus adjective arguō, _make clear_ arguere arguī argūtus rare con-gruō, _agree_ con-gruere con-gruī ---- ex-uō, _doff_ ex-uere ex-uī ex-ūtus im-buō, _give a smack of_ im-buere im-buī im-būtus ind-uō, _don_ ind-uere ind-uī ind-ūtus in-gruō, _impend_ in-gruere in-gruī ---- luō, _pay_, _atone for_ luere luī -lūtus, _washed_ metuō, _fear_ metuere metuī metūtus once -nuō, _nod_ -nuere -nuī ---- pluit, _it rains_ pluere pluit, plūvit ---- ruō, _tumble down_ ruere ruī -rutus so-lvō, _loose_ so-lvere so-lvī so-lūtus spuō, _spit_ spuere -spuī ---- statuō, _set_ statuere statuī statūtus
Compounds have #i# for #a# throughout: as, #cōn-stituō#, #cōn-stituere#, &c.
volvō, _roll_ volvere volvī volūtus suō, _sew_ suere -suī sūtus tribuō, _assign_ tribuere tribuī tribūtus
948. Two verbs in #-ere# with the present stem in #-nu{o|e-}# (833), have the perfect stem in #-nu-# (865), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-tus#:
minuō, _lessen_ minuere minuī minūtus sternuō, _sneeze_ sternuere sternuī ----
949. (3.) The following verbs in #-ere# have a perfect stem consisting of a root ending in two consonants (866), and the perfect participle in #-sus# (912):
950. (_a._) With the present stem in #{-o|e-}# (829); most have a nasal (831).
-cendō, _light_ -cendere -cendī -cēnsus -fendō, _hit_ -fendere -fendī -fēnsus mandō, _chew_ mandere mandī once mānsus pandō, _open_ pandere pandī passus, pānsus
For #dis-pennite# (Plaut.), see 166, 4. #dis-pandō#, #dis-pendō#, has perfect participle #dis-pessus# (Plaut., Lucr.), #dis-pānsus# (Lucr., Plin., Suet.).
pre-hendō, _seize_ pre-hendere pre-hendī pre-hēnsus
Rarely #prae-hendō#; but very often #prēndō#, #prēndere#, #prēndī#, #prēnsus#.
scandō, _climb_ scandere -scendī -scēnsus
Compounds have #e# for #a# throughout: as, #dē-scendō#, #dē-scendere#, &c.
vorrō, verrō, _sweep_ vorrere, -vorrī, -verrī vorsus, versus verrere vortō, vertō, _turn_ vortere, vortī, vertī vorsus, versus vertere
951. (_b._) With the present stem in #-l{o|e-}# (833).
vollō, vellō, _tear_ vollere, vellere vollī, vellī volsus, vulsus
Late perfect #vulsī# (Sen., Luc.); #-vulsī# (Laber., Col., Sen., Luc.).
[Errata: 925 ... For #com-pingō# and #im-pingō# #com-pingo# 930. (_a._) With the present stem in #{-o|e-}# #{o-|e-}# (829). (829.) (Enn., Lucr., Varr.) Enn. Lucr., 937 ... Compounds with #ad#, #inter#, #nec-#, #per#, #prae# #per#. #prae# 938 ... com-pingō, _fix together_ com-pingo]
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#, OR IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.
PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#.
952. (1 _a_.) The following verbs in #-ere# have the perfect stem in #-s-# (867), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-tus#:
953. (_a._) With the present stem in #{-o|e-}# (829).
carpō, _nibble_, _pluck_ carpere carpsī carptus
Compounds have #e# for #a#: as, #dē-cerpō#, #dē-cerpere#, #dē-cerpsī#, #dē-cerptus#.
com-būrō, _burn up_ com-būrere com-bussī com-būstus cōmō, _put up_ cōmere cōmpsī cōmptus
Compound of #com-# and #emō# (937, 823). See also #dēmō#, #prōmō#, #sūmō#.
coquō, _cook_ coquere coxī coctus dēmō, _take away_ dēmere dēmpsī dēmptus dīcō, _say_ dīcere dīxī dictus
For #dīc#, see 846.
dī-ligō, _esteem_ dī-ligere dī-lēxī dī-lēctus
Compound of #dis-# and #legō# (937, 823). See also #intel-legō# and #neg-legō#.
dūcō _lead_ dūcere dūxī ductus
For #dūc#, #ē-dūc#, see 846.
-flīgō, _smash_ -flīgere -flīxī -flīctus
Of the simple verb, #flīgit# occurs (L. Andr.), #flīgēbant# (Lucr.), and #flīgī# (L. Andr., Acc.).
gerō, _carry_ gerere gessī gestus intel-legō, _understand_ intel-legere intel-lēxī intel-lēctus neg-legō, _disregard_ neg-legere neg-lēxī neg-lēctus
In the perfect system very rarely #intel-lēgī# and #neg-lēgī# (862, 823).
nūbō, _veil_, nūbere nūpsī nūpta _marry (a man)_ prōmō, _take out_ prōmere prōmpsī prōmptus regō, _guide_, _rule_ regere rēxī rēctus
In the present system, #con-rigō# and #ē-rigō#; commonly #por-rigō#, sometimes #porgō#; rarely #sur-rigō#, commonly #surgō#; always #pergō#.
rēpō, _creep_ rēpere rēpsi ---- scalpō, _dig_ scalpere scalpsī scalptus scrībō, _write_ scrībere scrīpsī scrīptus sculpō, _carve_ sculpere sculpsī sculptus struō, _build up_ struere strūxī strūctus sūgō, _suck_ sūgere sūxī suctus sūmō, _take up_ sūmere sūmpsī sūmptus tegō, _cover_ tegere tēxī tēctus trahō, _drag_ trahere trāxī tractus ūrō, _burn_ ūrere ussī ustus vehō, _cart_ vehere vēxī vectus vīvō, _live_ vīvere vīxī ----
954. (_b._) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by #{-o|e-}# (831).
cingō, _gird_ cingere cīnxī cīnctus com-pungō, _prick over_ com-pungere com-pūnxī com-pūnctus
A compound of #pungō# (925, 823).
ē-mungō, _clean out_ ē-mungere ē-mūnxī ē-mūnctus ex-pungō, _prick out_ ex-pungere ex-pūnxī ex-pūnctus
A compound of #pungō# (925, 823).
fingō, _mould_ fingere fīnxī fīctus iungō, _join_ iungere iūnxī iūnctus pingō, _paint_ pingere pīnxī pīctus plangō, _beat_ plangere plānxī plānctus stinguō, _poke_, _poke out_ stinguere -stīnxī -stīnctus stringō, _peel_, _graze_ stringere strīnxī strīctus tingō, _wet_ tingere tīnxī tīnctus unguō, _anoint_ unguere ūnxī ūnctus
Sometimes #ungō#, #ungere#, &c., in the present system.
955. (_c._) With the present stem in #-n{o|e-}# (833).
temnō, _scorn_ temnere (con-tempsī) (con-temptus)
956. (_d._) With the present stem in #-i{o|e-}# (836).
ad-liciō, _lure_ ad-licere ad-lexī ---- in-liciō, _inveigle_ in-licere in-lexī in-lectus pel-liciō, _lead astray_ pel-licere pel-lexī pel-lectus -spiciō, _spy_ -spicere -spēxī -spectus
Forms of the simple verb are old and rare: as, #specitur#, #spicit#, #spece# (Plaut.), #specimus# (Varr.), #spiciunt# (Cato), #spēxit# (Naev., Enn.).
957. (1 _b_.) The following verbs in #-ere# have the perfect stem in #-s-# (867), and the perfect participle, when used, in #-sus# (912):
958. (_a._) With the present stem in #{-o|e-}# (829).
cēdō, _move along_ cēdere cessī cessus claudō, _shut_ claudere clausī clausus
Sometimes #clūdō#, #clūdere#, #clūsī#, #clūsus#. Compounds have #ū# for #au# throughout.
dī-vidō, _separate_ dī-videre dī-vīsī dī-vīsus fīgō, _pin_ fīgere fīxī fīxus, twice fīctus fluō, _flow_ fluere flūxī fluxus adjective laedō, _hurt_ laedere laesī laesus
Compounds have #ī# for #ae# throughout: as, #in-līdō#, #in-līdere#, &c.
lūdō, _play_ lūdere lūsī lūsus mittō, _send_ mittere mīsī missus mergō, _dip_, _duck_ mergere mersī mersus plaudō, _clap_ plaudere plausī plausus
Also #ap-plaudō#, #ap-plaudere#, &c. Other compounds have usually #ō# for #au# throughout: as, #ex-plōdō#, &c.; but #ex-plaudō# (Lucr.).
premō, _squeeze_ premere pressī pressus
Compounds have #i# for #e# in the present system: as, #com-primō#, &c.
rādō, _scrape_ rādere rāsī rāsus rōdō, _gnaw_ rōdere rōsī rōsus spargō, _scatter_ spargere sparsī sparsus
Compounds usually have #e# for #a# throughout: as, #cōn-spergō#, &c.
trūdō, _shove_ trūdere trūsī trūsus vādō, _go_ vādere -vāsī -vāsus
959. (_b._) With the present stem in #-sc{o|e-}# (834).
algēscō, _get cold_ algēscere alsī ---- ardēscō, _flame out_ ardēscere arsī (ex-arsī) ---- lūcēscō, _grow light_ lūcēscere -lūxī ----
Sometimes in the present system #lūcīscō#, #lūcīscere#, &c.
frīgēscō, _grow cold_ frīgēscere -frīxī ---- vīvēscō, _get alive_ vīvēscere (re-vīxī) ----
In composition, also #re-vīvīscō#, #re-vīvīscere#.
960. (_c._) With the present stem in #-t{o|e-}# (835).
flectō, _turn_ flectere flexī flexus nectō, _bind together_ nectere nexī, nexuī nexus
Perfect system rare: #nexit# (Lucil., Acc.); #nexuit#, #ad-nexuerant# (Sall.).
pectō, _comb_ pectere pexī pexus once
961. (_d._) With the present stem in #-i{o|e-}# (836).
quatiō, _shake_ quatere -cussī quassus
Compounds drop the #a# (111, _a_): as, #in-cutiō#, #in-cutere#, #in-cussī#, #in-cussus#.
[Errata: 954 ... nasalized root followed by #{-o|e-}# (831). final . missing 956 ... #spiciunt# (Cato), #spēxit# (Naev., Enn.). text unchanged: error for spexit?]
PERFECT STEM IN #-v-#.
962. (2 _a_.) The following verbs in #-ere# have the perfect stem in #-v-#, preceded by a long vowel of the root (869), and the perfect
## participle, when used, in #-tus#:
963. (_a._) With the present stem in #{-o|e-}# (829).
terō, _rub_ terere trīvī trītus
Perfect infinitive once in pentameter verse (823) #at-teruisse# (Tib.).
964. (_b._) With the present stem in #-n{o|e-}# (833).
cernō, _sift_, cernere crēvī, certus, -crētus _separate_, _see_ _decided_ linō, _besmear_ linere lēvī, litus rarely līvī
In the present system some forms in #-īre# are used by late writers.
sinō, _leave_, _let_ sinere sīvī situs