Part 28

So particularly: (_a._) Time: as, #tertiā initā vigiliā exercitum ēdūcit#, Caes. _C._ 3, 54, 2, _at the beginning of the third watch he leads the army out_. (_b._) Cause or means: as, #C. Flāminium Caelius religiōne neglēctā cecidisse apud Trāsumēnum scrībit#, _DN._ 2, 8, _Caelius writes that Flaminius fell at Trasumene in consequence of his neglect of religious observances_. (_c._) Concession: as, #id paucīs dēfendentibus expugnāre nōn potuit#, 2, 12, 2, _though the defenders were few, he could not take it by storm_. (_d._) Hypothesis: as, #quae potest esse vītae iūcunditās sublātīs amīcitiīs?# _Pl._ 80, _what pleasure can there be in life, if you take friendships away?_ (_e._) Description: as, #domum vēnit capite obvolūtō#, _Ph._ 2, 77, _he came home with his head all muffled up_.

1368. It may be seen from the examples above that a change of construction is often desirable in translating the ablative absolute.

## Particularly so in many set idiomatic expressions: as, #nūllā

interpositā morā#, Caes. _C._ 3, 75, 1, _without a moment’s delay_, _instantly_. #equō admissō#, 1, 22, 2, #equō citātō#, Caes. _C._ 3, 96, 3, _full gallop_. #clāmōre sublātō#, 7, 12, 5, _with a round of cheers_. #bene rē gestā salvos redeō#, Pl. _Tri._ 1182, _crowned with success I come back safe and sound_.

1369. The substantive of the ablative absolute usually denotes a different person or thing from any in the main sentence. But exceptions to this usage sometimes occur: as,

#quibus audītīs, eōs domum remittit#, 4, 21, 6, _after listening to these men, he sends them home again_. #sī ego mē sciente paterer#, Pl. _MG._ 559, _if I should wittingly myself allow_, more emphatic than #sciēns#. #sē iūdice nēmo nocēns absolvitur#, J. 13, 2, _himself the judge, no criminal gets free_.

1370. Two ablatives absolute often occur together, of which the first indicates the time, circumstances, or cause of the second: as, #exaudītō clāmōre perturbātīs ōrdinibus#, 2, 11, 5, _the ranks being demoralized from hearing the shouts_. #cōnsūmptīs omnibus tēlīs gladiīs dēstrictīs#, Caes. _C._ 1, 46, 1, _drawing their swords after expending all their missiles_.

1371. The substantive is sometimes omitted in the ablative absolute,

## particularly when it is a general word for a person or a thing which is

explained by a relative: as, #praemissīs, quī repūrgārent iter#, L. 44, 4, 11, _sending sappers and miners ahead to clear a way_. #relātīs ōrdine, quae vīdissent#, L. 42, 25, 2, _telling circumstantially all they had seen_.

1372. The ablative neuter of some perfect participles is used impersonally (1034). This use is rare in old Latin, in classical Latin commonest in Cicero, and afterwards in Livy: as, #auspicātō#, _DN._ 2, 11, _with auspices taken_. #sortītō#, _V._ 2, 126, _lots being drawn_, or _by lot_. Such ablatives readily become adverbs (704). Substantives are also sometimes used alone: as, #austrō#, _Div._ 2, 58, _when the wind is south_. #tranquillitāte#, Plin. _Ep._ 8, 20, 6, _when it is calm_. #serēnō#, L. 37, 3, 3, _the day being clear_.

1373. The ablative neuter of some perfect participles is occasionally used in agreement with a sentence or an infinitive: as, #cōgnitō vīvere Ptolomaeum#, L. 33, 41, 5, _it being known that Ptolomy was alive_. This construction is not used in old Latin, and is rare in classical Latin, but common in Livy and Tacitus. So adjectives also: as, #incertō quid vītārent#, L. 28, 36, 12, _it not being obvious what they were to steer clear of_.

1374. The ablative absolute is sometimes attended, especially in Livy and Tacitus, by an explanatory word, such as #etsī#, #tamen#, #nisi#, #quasi#, #quamquam#, or #quamvīs#: as, #etsī aliquō acceptō dētrīmentō, tamen summā exercitūs salvā#, Caes. _C._ 1, 67, 5, _though with some loss, yet with the safety of the army as a whole_.

THE ABLATIVE OF QUALITY.

1375. The ablative with an adjective in agreement or with a limiting genitive is used to denote quality, either predicatively or attributively: as,

(_a._) Predicatively: #capillō sunt prōmissō#, 5, 14, 3, _they have long hair_, or _let their hair grow long_. #singulārī fuit industriā#, N. 24, 3, 1, _he had unparalleled activity_. #animō bonō’s#, Pl. _Aul._ 732, _be of good cheer_. #ad flūmen Genusum, quod rīpīs erat impedītīs#, Caes. _C._ 3, 75, 4, _to the river Genusus, which had impracticable banks_. (_b._) Attributively: #difficilī trānsitū flūmen rīpīsque praeruptīs#, 6, 7, 5, _a river hard to cross and with steep banks_. #interfectus est C. Gracchus, clārissimō patre, avō, maiōribus#, _C._ 1, 4, _Gracchus was done to death, a man with an illustrious father, grandfather, and ancestors in general_ (1044). #bōs cervī figūrā#, 6, 26, 1, _an ox with the shape of a stag_. Compare the genitive of quality (1239).

THE ABLATIVE OF THE ROUTE TAKEN.

1376. The instrumental ablative is used with verbs of motion to denote the route taken: as,

#Aurēliā viā profectus est#, _C._ 2, 6, _he has gone off by the Aurelia Road_. #omnibus viīs sēmitīsque essedāriōs ex silvīs ēmittēbat#, 5, 19, 2, _he kept sending his chariot men out by all possible highways and byways_. #hīs pontibus pābulātum mittēbat#, Caes. _C._ 1, 40, 1, _by these bridges he sent foraging_. #frūmentum Tiberī vēnit#, L. 2, 34, 5, _some grain came by the Tiber_. #lupus Ēsquilīna portā ingressus per portam Capēnam prope intāctus ēvāserat#, L. 33, 26, 9, _a wolf that came in town by the Esquiline gate had got out through the Capene gate, almost unscathed_. This construction gives rise to some adverbs: see 707. The ablative of the route is sometimes used with a substantive of

## action (1301): as, #nāvigātiō īnferō#, _Att._ 9, 5, 1, _the cruise by

the lower sea_. #eōdem flūmine invectiō#, _Fin._ 5, 70, _entrance by the same river_.

(B.) THE INSTRUMENTAL PROPER.

THE ABLATIVE OF INSTRUMENT OR MEANS.

1377. The ablative is used to denote the instrument or means: as,

#pugnābant armīs#, H. _S._ 1, 3, 103, _they fought with arms_. #clārē oculīs videō, sum pernīx pedibus, manibus mōbilis#, Pl. _MG._ 630, _I can see distinctly with my eyes, I’m nimble with my legs, and active with my arms_. #iuvābō aut rē tē aut operā aut cōnsiliō bonō#, Pl. _Ps._ 19, _I’ll help thee either with my purse or hand or good advice_. #lacte et carne vīvunt, pellibusque sunt vestītī#, 5, 14, 2, _they live on milk and meat, and they are clad in skins_. #contentus paucīs lēctōribus#, H. _S._ 1, 10, 74, _content with readers few_. #centēnāque arbore flūctum verberat#, V. 10, 207, _and with an hundred beams at every stroke the wave he smites_. Rarely with substantives denoting action (1301): as, #gestōrēs linguīs, audītōrēs auribus#, Pl. _Ps._ 429, _reporters with their tongues and listeners with their ears_. #tenerīs labellīs mollēs morsiunculae#, Pl. _Ps._ 67^a, _caressing bites with velvet lips_.

1378. When the instrument is a person, the accusative with #per# is used: as, #haec quoque per explōrātōrēs ad hostēs dēferuntur#, 6, 7, 9, _this too is reported to the enemy through the medium of scouts_. Or a circumlocution, such as #virtūte#, #beneficiō#, #benignitāte#, or especially #operā#, with a genitive or possessive; as, #deūm virtūte multa bona bene parta habēmus#, Pl. _Tri._ 346, _thanks to the gods, we’ve many a pretty penny prettily put by_. #meā operā Tarentum recēpistī#, _CM._ 11, _It was through me you got Tarentum back_. Rarely the ablative of a person, the person being then regarded as a thing: as, #iacent suīs testibus#, _Mil._ 47, _they are cast by their own witnesses_.

1379. The instrumental ablative is used with the five deponents #fruor#, #fungor#, #potior#, #ūtor#, #vēscor#, and several of their compounds, and with #ūsus est# and #opus est#: as,

#pāce numquam fruēmur#, _Ph._ 7, 19, _we never shall enjoy ourselves with peace_, i.e. _we never shall enjoy peace_. #fungar vice cōtis#, H. _AP._ 304, _I’ll play the whetstone’s part_. #castrīs nostrī potītī sunt#, 1, 26, 4, _our people made themselves masters of the camp_. #vestrā operā ūtar#, L. 3, 46, 8, _I will avail myself of your services_. #carne vēscor#, _TD._ 5, 90, _I live on meat_. #opust chlamyde#, Pl. _Ps._ 734, _there is a job with a cloak_, i.e. _we need a cloak_.

1380. Instead of the instrumental ablative, some of the above verbs take the accusative occasionally in old and post-Augustan Latin: thus, in Plautus, Terence, Cato, always #abūtor#, also #fungor#, except once in Terence; #fruor# in Cato and Terence, and #perfungor# in Lucretius, once each; #potior# twice in Plautus and three times in Terence, often also the genitive (1292). The gerundive of these verbs is commonly used personally in the passive, as if the verbs were regularly used transitively (2244).

1381. #ūtor# often has a second predicative ablative: as, #administrīs druidibus ūtuntur#, 6, 16, 2, _they use the druids as assistants_. #facilī mē ūtētur patre#, T. _Hau._ 217, _an easy-going father he will find in me_.

1382. #ūsus est# and #opus est# sometimes take a neuter participle, especially in old Latin: as, #vīsō opust cautōst opus#, Pl. _Cap._ 225, _there’s need of sight, there’s need of care_. Sometimes the ablative with a predicate participle: as, #celeriter mī eō homine conventōst opus#, Pl. _Cur._ 302, _I needs must see that man at once_.

1383. With #opus est#, the thing wanted is often made the subject nominative or subject accusative, with #opus# in the predicate: as, #dux nōbīs et auctor opus est#, _Fam._ 2, 6, 4, _we need a leader and adviser_. Usually so when the thing needed is a neuter adjective or neuter pronoun: as, #multa sibī̆ opus esse#, _V._ 1, 126, _that he needed much_. A genitive dependent on #opus# is found once or twice in late Latin (1227).

1384. #ūsus est# is employed chiefly in comedy, but also once or twice in Cicero, Lucretius, Vergil, and Livy. Once with the accusative: #ūsust hominem astūtum#, Pl. _Ps._ 385, _there’s need of a sharp man_.

THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION.

1385. The instrumental ablative is used to denote that in respect of which an assertion or a term is to be taken: as,

#temporibus errāstī#, _Ph._ 2, 23, _you have slipped up in your chronology_. #excellēbat āctiōne#, _Br._ 215, _his forte lay in delivery_. #Helvētiī reliquōs Gallōs virtūte praecēdunt#, 1, 1, 4, _the Helvetians outdo the rest of the Kelts in bravery_. #hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt#, 1, 1, 2, _these people all differ from each other in language, usages, and laws_. #sunt quīdam hominēs nōn rē sed nōmine#, _Off._ 1, 105, _some people are human beings not in reality but in name_. #ūna Suēba nātiōne, altera Nōrica#, 1, 53, 4, _one woman a Suebe by birth, the other Noric_. #vīcistis cochleam tarditūdine#, Pl. _Poen._ 532, _you’ve beaten snail in slowness_. #dēmēns iūdiciō volgī#, H. _S._ 1, 6, 97, _mad in the judgement of the world_. #sapiunt me͡ā sententiā#, T. _Ph._ 335, _in my opinion they are wise_. #meā quidem sententiā#, _CM._ 56, _in my humble opinion_. #quis iūre perītior commemorārī potest?# _Clu._ 107, _who can be named that is better versed in the law?_

THE ABLATIVE OF FULNESS.

1386. The instrumental ablative is used with verbs of abounding, filling, and furnishing: as,

#vīlla abundat porcō, haedō, āgnō#, _CM._ 56, _the country place is running over with swine, kid, and lamb_. #tōtum montem hominibus complērī iussit#, 1, 24, 3, _he gave orders for the whole mountain to be covered over with men_. #Māgōnem poenā adfēcērunt#, N. 23, 8, 2, _they visited Mago with punishment_. #legiōnēs nimis pulcrīs armīs praeditās#, Pl. _Am._ 218, _brigades in goodliest arms arrayed_. #cōnsulārī imperiō praeditus#, _Pis._ 55, _vested with the authority of consul_. For the genitive with #compleō# and #impleō#, see 1293.

1387. The ablative is sometimes used with adjectives of fulness, instead of the regular genitive (1263). Thus, in later Latin, rarely with #plēnus#: as, #maxima quaeque domus servīs est plēna superbīs#, J. 5, 66, _a grand establishment is always full of stuck-up slaves_. #et ille quidem plēnus annīs abiīt, plēnus honōribus#, Plin. _Ep._ 2, 1, 7, _well, as for him, he has passed away, full of years and full of honours_. So in Cicero and Caesar, once each. Also with #dīves# in poetry, and, from Livy on, in prose. With #refertus#, the ablative of things is common, while persons are usually in the genitive (1263). With #onustus#, the ablative is generally used, rarely the genitive.

THE ABLATIVE OF MEASURE, EXCHANGE, AND PRICE.

1388. The instrumental ablative is used with verbs of measuring and of exchanging, and in expressions of value and price: as,

(_a._) #quod magnōs hominēs virtūte mētīmur#, N. 18, 1, 1, _because we gauge great men by their merit_. (_b._) #nēmō nisi vīctor pāce bellum mūtāvit#, S. _C._ 58, 15, _nobody except a conqueror has ever exchanged war for peace_. (_c._) #haec sīgna sēstertiūm sex mīllibus quīngentīs esse vēndita#, _V._ 4, 12, _that these statues were sold for sixty-five hundred sesterces_. #aestimāvit dēnāriīs III#, _V._ 3, 214, _he valued it at three denars_. #trīgintā mīllibus dīxistis eum habitāre#, _Cael._ 17, _you have said he pays thirty thousand rent_. #quod nōn opus est, āsse cārum est#, Cato in Sen. _Ep._ 94, 28, _what you don’t need, at a penny is dear_. #hem, istūc verbum, mea voluptās, vīlest vīgintī minīs#, Pl. _Most._ 297, _bless me, that compliment, my charmer, were at twenty minas cheap_.

1389. With #mūtō# and #commūtō#, the ablative usually denotes the thing received. But sometimes in Plautus, and especially in Horace, Livy, and late prose, it denotes the thing parted with: as, #cūr valle permūtem Sabīnā dīvitiās operōsiōrēs?# H. 3, 1, 47, _why change my Sabine dale for wealth that brings more care?_ Similarly with #cum# in the prose of Cicero’s age: as, #mortem cum vītā commūtāre#, Sulp. in _Fam._ 4, 5, 3, _to exchange life for death_.

1390. The ablative of price or value is thus used chiefly with verbs or verbal expressions of bargaining, buying or selling, hiring or letting, costing, being cheap or dear. Also with #aestimō#, of a definite price, and sometimes #magnō#, #permagnō# (1273).

1391. The ablatives thus used, are (_a._) those of general substantives of value and price, such as #pretium#, (_b._) numerical designations of money, or (_c._) neuter adjectives of quantity, #magnō#, #permagnō#, #quam plūrimō#, #parvō#, #minimō#, #nihilō#, #nōnnihilō#: as, #magnō decumās vēndidī#, _V._ 3, 40, _I sold the tithes at a high figure_. For #tantī# and #quantī#, #plūris# and #minōris#, see 1274.

1392. The ablative is also used with #dignus# and #indignus#: as,

#dignī maiōrum locō#, _Agr._ 2, 1, _well worthy of the high standing of their ancestors_. #nūlla vōx est audīta populī Rōmānī maiestāte indigna#, 7, 17, 3, _not a word was heard out of keeping with the grandeur of Rome_. See also #dignor# in the dictionary. Similarly in Plautus with #condignē#, #decōrus#, #decet#, #aequē#, #aequos#. For the genitive with #dignus#, see 1269; for the accusative with #dignus# and a form of #sum#, 1144.

[Erratum: 1389 ... #cūr valle permūtem Sabīnā dīvitiās operōsiōrēs?# operōsiōres]

THE ABLATIVE OF THE AMOUNT OF DIFFERENCE.

1393. The instrumental ablative is used to denote the amount of difference.

This ablative is used with any words whatever of comparative or of superlative meaning: as, #ūnō diē longiōrem mēnsem faciunt aut bīduō#, _V._ 2, 129, _they make the month longer by a day, or even by two days_. #ubī̆ adbibit plūs paulō#, T. _Hau._ 220, _when he has drunk a drop too much_. #nummō dīvitior#, Pl. _Ps._ 1323, _a penny richer_. #bīduō post#, 1, 47, 1, _two days after_. #multīs ante diēbus#, 7, 9, 4, _many days before_. #paucīs ante diēbus#, _C._ 3, 3, _a few days ago_. #nimiō praestat#, Pl. _B._ 396, _‘t is ever so much better_. #multō mālim#, _Br._ 184, _I would much rather_. #multō maxima pars#, _C._ 4, 17, _the largest part by far_.

1394. In expressions of time, the accusative is sometimes used with #post#, less frequently with #ante#, as prepositions, instead of the ablative of difference: as, #post paucōs diēs#, L. 21, 51, 2, #post diēs paucōs#, L. 37, 13, 6, #paucōs post diēs#, L. 33, 39, 2, _after a few days_. #paucōs ante diēs#, L. 39, 28, 4, #diēs ante paucōs#, L. 31, 24, 5, _a few days before_. With this prepositional construction, ordinals are common: as, #post diem tertium#, 4, 9, 1, _after the third day_, according to the Roman way of reckoning, i.e. the next day but one.

1395. (1.) When the time before or after which anything occurs is denoted by a substantive, the substantive is put in the accusative with #ante# or #post#: as,

#paulō ante tertiam vigiliam#, 7, 24, 2, _a little before the third watch_. #bīduō ante vīctōriam#, _Fam._ 10, 14, 1, _the day but one before the victory_. #paucīs diēbus post mortem Āfricānī#, _L._ 3, _a few days after the death of Africanus_.

1396. Sometimes in late writers, as Tacitus, Pliny the younger, and Suetonius, a genitive is loosely used: as, #sextum post clādis annum#, Ta. 1, 62, i.e. #sextō post clādem annō#, _six years after the humiliating defeat_. #post decimum mortis annum#, Plin. _Ep._ 6, 10, 3, _ten years after his death_. Similarly #intrā sextum adoptiōnis diem#, Suet. _Galb._ 17, _not longer than six days after the adoption-day_.

1397. (2.) When the time before or after which anything occurs is denoted by a sentence, the sentence may be introduced:

(_a._) By #quam#: as, #post diem tertium gesta rēs est quam dīxerat#, _Mil._ 44, _it took place two days after he said it_. With #quam#, #post# is sometimes omitted. Or (_b._) less frequently by #cum#: as, #quem trīduō, cum hās dabam litterās, exspectābam#, Planc. in _Fam._ 10, 23, 3, _I am looking for him three days after this writing_ (1601). For a relative pronoun sentence, see 1354.

1398. Verbs of surpassing sometimes have an accusative of extent (1151): as, #mīrāmur hunc hominem tantum excellere cēterīs?# _IP._ 39, _are we surprised that this man so far outshines everybody else?_ With comparatives, the accusative is rare: as, #aliquantum inīquior#, T. _Hau._ 201, _somewhat too hard_. Similarly #permultum ante#, _Fam._ 3, 11, 1, _long long before_.

1399. In numerical designations of distance, the words #intervāllum# and #spatium# are regularly put in the ablative: as, #rēx VI mīlium passuum intervāllō ā Saburrā cōnsēderat#, Caes. _C._ 2, 38, 3, _the king had pitched six miles away from Saburra_. So sometimes #mīlle#: as, #mīlibus passuum VI a Caesaris castrīs sub monte cōnsēdit#, 1, 48, 1. See 1152.

[Errata: 1393 ... #multīs ante diēbus#, 7, 9, 4 diēbus. 1395 ... #bīduō ante vīctōriam# vĭctōriam]

TWO OR MORE ABLATIVES COMBINED.

1400. Two or more ablatives denoting different relations are often combined in the same sentence: as,

#Menippus, meō iūdiciō (1385) tōtā Asiā (1346) illīs temporibus (1350) disertissimus#, _Br._ 315, _Menippus, in my opinion the most gifted speaker of that day in all Asia_. #hāc habitā ōrātiōne (1362) mīlitibus studiō (1316) pugnae ardentibus (1370) tubā (1377) sīgnum dedit#, Caes. _C._ 3, 90, 4, _seeing that his soldiers were hot for battle after this speech, he gave the signal by trumpet_.

USE OF CASES WITH PREPOSITIONS.

1401. Two cases, the accusative and the ablative, are used with prepositions.

1402. Prepositions were originally adverbs which served to define more exactly the meaning of a verb.

Thus, #endo#, _in_, _on_, the older form of #in#, is an adverb, in an injunction occurring in a law of the Twelve Tables, 451 B.C., #manum endo iacitō#, _let him lay hand on_. Similarly, #trāns#, _over_, in #trānsque datō#, _and he must hand over_, i.e. #trāditōque#.

1403. In the course of time such adverbs became verbal prefixes; the verbs compounded with them may take the case, accusative or ablative, required by the meaning of the compound. Thus, #amīcōs adeō#, _I go to my friends_ (1137); #urbe exeō#, _I go out of town_ (1302).

1404. For distinctness or emphasis, the prefix of the verb may be repeated before the case: as, #ad amīcōs adeō#; #ex urbe exeō#. And when it is thus separately expressed before the case, it may be dropped from the verb: as, #ad amīcōs eō#; #ex urbe eō#.

1405. The preposition thus detached from the verb becomes an attendant on a substantive, and serves to show the relation of the substantive in a sentence more distinctly than the case alone could.

1406. A great many adverbs which are never used in composition with a verb likewise become prepositions: as, #apud#, #circiter#, #īnfrā#, #iūxtā#, #pōne#, #propter#, &c., &c. The inflected forms of substantives, #prīdiē#, #postrīdiē# (1413), #tenus# (1420), and #fīnī# (1419), are also sometimes used as prepositions. And #vicem# (1145), #causā#, #grātiā#, #nōmine#, #ergō# (1257), resemble prepositions closely in meaning.

1407. A trace of the original adverbial use of prepositions is sometimes retained, chiefly in poetry, when the prefix is separated from its word by what is called _Tmesis_: as, #īre inque gredī#, i.e. #ingredīque#, Lucr. 4, 887, _to walk and to step off_. #per mihī̆ mīrum vīsum est#, _DO._ 1, 214, _passing strange it seemed to me_.

1408. Even such words as are used almost exclusively as prepositions sometimes retain their original adverbial meaning also: as, #adque adque#, E. in Gell. 10, 29, 2, _and up and up_, _and on and on_, or _and nearer still and still more near_. #occīsīs ad hominum mīlibus quattuor#, 2, 33, 5, _about four thousand men being killed_. #susque dēque#, _Att._ 14, 6, 1, _up and down_, _topsy turvy_, _no matter how_.

1409. On the other hand, some verbal prefixes are never used as separate prepositions with a substantive. These are called _Inseparable Prepositions_; they are: #amb-#, _round_, #an-#, _up_, #dis-#, _in two_, #por-#, _towards_, #rē̆d-#, _back_. Usually also #sēd-#, _apart_ (1417).

PREPOSITIONS USED WITH THE ACCUSATIVE.

1410. The accusative is accompanied by the following prepositions:

#ad#, _to_, #adversus# or #adversum#, _towards_, _against_, #ante#, in composition also #antid-#, _before_, #apud#, _near_, _at_, #circā#, #circum#, #circiter#, _round_, _about_, #cis#, #citrā#, _this side of_, #contrā#, _opposite to_, #ergā#, _towards_, #extrā#, _outside_, #īnfrā#, _below_, #inter#, _between_, #intrā#, _within_, #iūxtā#, _near_, #ob#, _against_, #penes#, _in the possession of_, #per#, _through_, #pōne#, #post#, in Plautus #postid#, #poste#, #pos#, _behind_, #praeter#, _past_, #prope# (#propius#, #proximē#), #propter#, _near_, #secundum#, _after_, #subter#, _under_, #suprā#, _above_, #trāns#, _across_, #uls#, #ultrā#, _beyond_. For the various shades of meaning and applications of these prepositions, see the dictionary.

1411. Prepositions which accompany the accusative may be easily remembered in this order:

ante, apud, ad, adversum, circum, cis, ob, trāns, secundum, penes, pōne, prope, per, post, and all in -ā and -ter.

1412. Of the above named words some are not used as prepositions till a relatively late period.

Thus, #īnfrā# is first used as a preposition by Terence and once only; #circā# somewhat before and #citrā# about Cicero’s time; #ultrā# first by Cato; #iūxtā# by Varro. In Cicero #iūxtā# is still used only as an adverb, in Caesar and Nepos as a preposition.

1413. The substantive forms #prīdiē#, _the day before_, and #postrīdiē#, _the day after_, are sometimes used with an accusative like prepositions, mostly in Cicero, to denote dates: as, #prīdiē nōnās Māiās#, _Att._ 2, 11, 2, _the day before the nones of May_, i.e. _6 May_. #postrīdiē lūdōs Apollinārīs#, _Att._ 16, 4, 1, _the day after the games of Apollo_, i.e. _6 July_. For the genitive with these words, see 1232.

1414. The adverb #vorsus# or #versus#, _wards_, occurs as a post positive (1434) preposition rarely: once in Sallust, #Aegyptum vorsus#, J. 19, 3, _Egyptwards_, in Cicero a few times, twice in Pliny the elder. #usque#, _even to_, occurs with names of towns in Terence (once), Cicero, and later; with appellatives in Cato (once) and late writers.

1415. #clam#, _secretly_, is ordinarily an adverb. But in old Latin it is used often as a preposition, _unknown to_, with an accusative of a person. Terence has once the diminutive form #clanculum#, _Ad._ 52. With the ablative only in the MSS. of Caesar, once, #clam vōbīs#, _C._ 2, 32, 8, _without your knowledge_, and in _Bell. Afr._ 11, 4.

1416. #subter#, _under_, is used in poetry, once by Catullus and once by Vergil, with the locative ablative: as, #Rhoetēō subter lītore#, Cat. 65, 7, _beneath Rhoeteum’s strand_.

PREPOSITIONS USED WITH THE ABLATIVE.