Part 22

(_a._) #concursus populī mīrantium quid rē̆ī esset#, L. 1, 41, 1, _a gathering of the public, wondering what was the matter_. (_b._) #pars subeuntium obrutī, pars cōnfīxī#, Ta. _H._ 2, 22, _a part of those who came up were crushed, a part were run through_. #Samnītium caesī tria mīlia ducentī#, L. 10, 34, 3, _of the Samnites were slain three thousand two hundred_.

1084. (1.) An attributive adjective referring to several substantives is commonly expressed with one only, generally with the first or the last: as,

#rēs erat multae operae et labōris#, 5, 11, 5, _it was a job that required much work and trouble_. #semper amāvī ingenium, studia, mōrēs tuōs#, _O._ 33, _I have always admired your ability, your scholarly tastes, and your character_. In lively style, the adjective is often used with every substantive.

1085. Two or more attributive adjectives in the singular connected by a conjunction may belong to a plural substantive: as,

#circā portās Collīnam Ēsquilīnamque#, L. 26, 10, 2, _about the gates, the Colline and the Esquiline_. But the substantive may also be in the singular: as, #inter Ēsquilīnam Collīnamque portam#, L. 26, 10, 1, _between the Esquiline and the Colline gate_.

1086. The combined idea of a substantive with an attributive adjective may be qualified by one or more adjectives: as,

#nāvīs longās trīgintā veterēs#, L. 27, 22, 12, _thirty old men-of-war_. #prīvāta nāvis onerāria māxima#, _V._ 5, 136, _a very large private freighting vessel_. #āter aliēnus canis#, T. _Ph._ 706, _a strange black dog_.

1087. (2.) A predicate adjective or participle referring to two or more substantives is usually in the plural; its gender is determined as follows:

1088. (_a._) If the substantives denote persons of the same gender, that gender is used; if they denote persons of different gender, the masculine is used: as,

#venēnō absūmptī Hannibal et Philopoemēn#, L. 39, 52, 8, _it was by poison that Hannibal and Philopoemen were taken off_. #quam prīdem pater mihī̆ et māter mortuī essent#, T. _Eu._ 517, _how long my father and my mother had been dead_.

1089. (_b._) If the substantives denote things, and are of different genders, the neuter plural is used; also commonly when they are feminines denoting things: as,

#mūrus et porta dē caelō tācta erant#, L. 32, 29, 1, _the wall and town-gate had been struck by lightning_. #īra et avāritia imperiō potentiōra erant#, L. 37, 32, 13, _hot blood and greed proved stronger than authority_.

1090. (_c._) If the substantives denote both persons and things, either the gender of the substantives denoting persons is used, or the neuter. The gender of the substantives denoting things is very rarely used: as,

#et rēx rēgiaque classis ūnā profectī#, L. 21, 50, 11, _the king too and the king’s fleet set sail in his company_. #inimīca inter sē līberam cīvitātem et rēgem#, L. 44, 24, 2, _that a free state and a monarch were irreconcilable things_. #Dolopas et Athamāniam ēreptās sibī̆ querēns#, L. 38, 10, 3, _complaining that the Dolopians and Athamania were wrested from him_.

1091. When the verb is attached to the nearest only of two or more subjects, a predicate participle or adjective naturally takes the gender of that substantive: as, #ibī̆ Orgetorīgis fīlia atque ūnus ē fīliīs captus est#, 1, 26, 5, _there the daughter of Orgetorix and one of the sons too was made prisoner_. #ut brāchia atque umerī līberī esse possent#, 7, 56, 4, _so that their arms and shoulders might be unhampered_.

1092. The ablative singular #absente# is used once each by Terence and Afranius with a plural substantive: #absente nōbīs#, T. _Eu._ 649, _while we were out_.

1093. A neuter adjective or pronoun is sometimes used as a substantive in the predicate (1101): as,

#trīste lupus stabulīs#, V. _E._ 3, 80, _a baleful thing the wolf for folds_. #quod ego fuī ad Trāsumennum, id tū hodiē#, L. 30, 30, 12, _what I was myself at Trasumene, that you are today_.

1094. A demonstrative, determinative, or relative pronoun used substantively takes the number and gender of the substantive it represents; the case depends on the construction of the clause in which it stands: as,

#erant peditēs, quōs dēlēgerant; cum hīs in proeliīs versābantur; ad eōs sē recipiēbant; hī concurrēbant#, 1, 48, 5, _there were foot-soldiers whom they had picked out; with these men they kept company in action; upon them they would fall back; these people would always rally_. #Hippiās glōriātus est ānulum quem habēret, pallium quō amictus, soccōs quibus indūtus esset, sē suā manū cōnfēcisse#, _DO._ 3, 127, _Hippias bragged he had made with his own hand the ring which he wore, the cloak in which he was wrapped; and the slippers which he had on_.

1095. Sometimes, however, the number and gender of these pronouns are determined by the sense, and not by the form of the substantive represented: as,

#equitātum omnem praemittit, quī videant#, 1, 15, 1, _he sends all the horse ahead, for them to see_. #hīc sunt quīnque minae. hoc tībī̆ erus mē iussit ferre#, Pl. _Ps._ 1149, _here are five minae; this my master bade me bring for thee_. #Domitius Massiliam pervenit atque ab iīs receptus urbī praeficitur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 36, 1, _Domitius arrived at Massilia, and was received by the people and put in charge of the town_. #ad hirundinīnum nīdum vīsast sīmia adscēnsiōnem ut faceret admōlīrier; neque eās ēripere quībat inde#, Pl. _R._ 598, _up to a swallow-nest methought an ape did strive to climb; nor could she snatch the nestlings thence_; the #eās# refers to #hirundinēs#, implied in #hirundinīnum#.

1096. A pronoun representing two or more substantives sometimes takes the number and gender of the nearest. But usually it is plural, and its gender is determined like that of an adjective (1087).

1097. A demonstrative, determinative, or relative pronoun used substantively is generally attracted to the number and gender of a predicate substantive in its own clause: as,

#haec est nōbilis ad Trāsumennum pūgna#, L. 22, 7, 1, _such is the far-famed fight at Trasumene_, 217 B.C. #ista quidem vīs est#, Suet. _Iul._ 82, _now that I call an outrage_, Caesar’s dying words, 44 B.C. But with a negative, sometimes the neuter: as, #nec sopor illud erat#, V. 3, 173, _nor was that sleep_.

1098. A demonstrative, determinative, or relative pronoun in agreement with a substantive is often equivalent to a genitive limiting the substantive: as,

#hōc metū vagārī prohibēbat#, 5, 19, 2, _by fear of this he stopped the prowling round_. #is pavor perculit Rōmānōs#, L. 21, 46, 7, _the panic occasioned by this demoralized the Romans_. #quā spē adductī#, 4, 6, 4, _impelled by the hope of this_.

[Erratum: 1097 ... #haec est nōbilis ad Trāsumennum pūgna# text unchanged: word generally spelled “pugna” (see endnote on first edition)]

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

(A.) USE OF THE NOUN.

NUMBER AND GENDER.

1099. The singular of a word denoting a person is sometimes used in a collective sense.

This singular is generally a military designation: as, #mīles#, #eques#, #pedes#, #hostis#, #Rōmānus#, #Poenus#. But other substantives and adjectives are occasionally thus used.

1100. A substantive or adjective denoting a person is often used in the singular as representative of a class, particularly when two persons are contrasted: as,

#sī tabulam dē naufrāgiō stultus adripuerit, extorquēbitne eam sapiēns?# _Off._ 3, 89, _if a fool has seized a plank from a wreck, will the sage twitch it away?_

1101. The neuter singular of certain adjectives is used as an abstract substantive.

These adjectives have commonly stems in #-o-#, and are often used in the

## partitive genitive (1250). The nominative is rare, also the accusative

and ablative, except in prepositional constructions. Such are: #bonum#, #malum#; #rēctum#, #prāvum#; #decōrum#, #indecōrum#; #honestum#; #vērum#, #falsum#; #iūstum#, #iniūstum#; #aequum#; #ambiguum#; #rīdiculum#. #ūtile#, #ināne#, #commūne#, #īnsīgne#, #simile#, &c.

1102. Certain adjectives, which originally agreed with an appellative denoting a thing, have dropped the appellative and become substantives.

Such are: #Āfricus#, sc. #ventus#; #Āfrica#, sc. #terra#; #calda#, sc. #aqua#; #cānī# sc. #capillī#; #circēnsēs#, sc. #lūdī#; #decuma#, sc. #pars#; #fera#, sc. #bēstia#; #hīberna#, sc. #castra#; #merum#, sc. #vīnum#; #nātālis#, sc. #diēs#; #patria#, sc. #terra#; #praetexta#, sc. #toga#; #summa#, sc. #rēs#; #trirēmis#, sc. #nāvis#, and many others.

1103. Certain adjectives denoting relationship, friendship, hostility, connection, or age, may be used in both numbers as substantives.

Such are: (_a._) #adfīnis#, #cōgnātus#, #cōnsanguineus#, #gentīlis#, #necessārius#, #propīnquus#; (_b._) #adversārius#, #amīcus#, #inimīcus#, #familiāris#, #hostis#, #intimus#, #invidus#, #socius#, #sodālis#; (_c._) #contubernālis#, #manipulāris#, #vīcīnus#; (_d._) #adulēscēns#, #aequālis#, #iuvenis#, #senex#.

1104. The masculine plural of many adjectives is used substantively to denote a class.

Such are: #bonī#, _the good_, _the well-disposed_, _conservatives_, _patriots_, _our party_; #improbī#, _the wicked_, _the dangerous classes_, _revolutionists_, _anarchists_, _the opposite party_; #doctī#, #indoctī#; #piī#, #impiī#, and the like.

1105. Proper names of men are used in the plural to denote different persons of the same name, or as appellatives to express character, oftenest good character: as,

#duo Metellī, Celer et Nepōs#, _Br._ 247, _the two Metelluses, Celer and Nepos_. #quid Crassōs, quid Pompēiōs ēvertit?# J. 10, 108, _what overthrew a Crassus, Pompey what?_ i.e. men like Crassus and Pompey.

1106. The neuter plural of adjectives of all degrees of comparison is very often used as a substantive.

Such adjectives are usually in the nominative or accusative, and may have a pronoun, a numeral, or an adjective, agreeing with them. In English the singular is often preferred. Such are: #bona#, #mala#; #vēra#, #falsa#; #haec#, _this_; #omnia#, _everything_; #haec omnia#, _all this_, &c., &c.

1107. Names of countries are sometimes used in the plural when the country consists of several parts which are called by the same name as the whole country: as, #Galliae#, _the Gauls_; #Germāniae#, _the Germanies_.

1108. Material substantives are often used in the plural to denote different sorts of the substance designated, its constituent parts, or objects made of it: as,

#aera#, _lumps of bronze_, _bronzes_, _coppers_. #aquae#, _water in different places_, _medicinal springs_. #cērae#, _pieces of wax_, _tablets_, _wax masks_, _waxworks_. #marmora#, _kinds of marble_, _blocks of marble_, _works of marble_. #nivēs#, _snowflakes_, _snowdrifts_, _snowstorms_, _repeated snows_. #spūmae#, _masses of foam_. #sulpura#, _lumps of sulphur_. #vīna#, _wines_, _different kinds of wine_.

1109. Abstract substantives are often used in the plural to denote different kinds or instances of the abstract idea, or an abstract idea pertaining to several persons or things: as,

#sunt domesticae fortitūdinēs nōn īnferiōrēs mīlitāribus#, _Off._ 1, 78, _there are cases of heroism in civil life fully equal to those in war_. #tē cōnscientiae stimulant maleficiōrum tuōrum#, _Par._ 18, _you are tormented by pricks of conscience for your sins_. #propter siccitātēs palūdum#, 4, 38, 2, _because the swamps were dry everywhere_.

1110. The plural is sometimes used in generalizations, and in poetry to magnify a single thing, to give mystery to the statement, or often merely for metrical convenience: as, #advēnisse familiārēs dīcitō#, Pl. _Am._ 353, _say that the people of the house are come_, the plural #familiārēs# denoting one person. #Priamī dum rēgna manēbant#, V. 2, 22, _while Priam’s realms still stood_. #externōs optāte ducēs#, V. 8, 503, _choose captains from a foreign strand_, i.e. Aeneas.

CASE.

1111. There are two groups of cases, the principal and the secondary.

1112. The principal cases are the nominative and the accusative. The principal cases, which have more complete inflections than the secondary, express the two chief relations of the noun in the sentence, those of the subject and of the object. The secondary cases are used to express subordinate or supplementary relations.

THE NOMINATIVE.

1113. The nominative is principally used as the subject or predicate noun of a verb or of an infinitive. Besides this use, the nominative occurs in titles, exclamations, and addresses (1114-1123).

THE NOMINATIVE OF TITLE.

1114. The nominative is used in inscriptions, notices, titles, or headings: as,

L · CORNELIVS · CN · F · CN · N · SCIPIO, CIL. I, 34, on a tomb, _Lucius Cornelius Scipio, son_ (#fīlius#) _of Gnaeus, grandson_ (#nepōs#) _of Gnaeus_. LABYRINTHVS HIC HABITAT MINOTAVRVS, CIL. IV, 2331, on a plan of the Labyrinth scratched by a Pompei schoolboy, _The Maze. Here lives Minotaur_. PRIVATVM PRECARIO ADEITVR, CIL. I, 1215, _Private Grounds. No Admittance without leave_. #Themistoclēs, Neoclī fīlius, Athēniēnsis#, N. 2, 1, _Themistocles, son of Neocles, of Athens_.

1115. The title proper of a book is often put in the genitive, dependent on #līber# or #librī#: as, #Cornēlī Tacitī Historiārum Liber Prīmus#, _Tacitus’s Histories, Book First_. Or prepositional expressions are used: as, #M. Tullī Cicerōnis dē Fātō Liber#, _Cicero, Fate, in One Book_. #Cornēlī Tacitī ab Excessū dīvī Augustī Liber Prīmus#, _Tacitus’s Roman History from the Demise of the sainted Augustus, Book First_.

1116. Sometimes the nominative of a title or exclamation is retained in a sentence for some other case: as, #Gabīniō cōgnōmen ‘Cauchius’ ūsurpāre concessit#, Suet. _Cl._ 24, _he allowed Gabinius to take the surname ‘Cauchius;’_ (compare #Catō quasi cōgnōmen habēbat Sapientis#, _L._ 6, _Cato had the virtual surname of the Wise_). #‘Marsya’ nōmen habet#, O. 6, 400, _it has the name of ‘Marsyas;’_ (compare #nōmen Dānuvium habet#, S. _Fr._ 3, 55, _it has the name Danube_), #resonent mihi ‘Cynthia’ silvae#, Prop. 1, 18, 31, _let woods reecho ‘Cynthia’ for me_; (compare #tū, Tītyre, fōrmōsam resonāre docēs Amaryllida silvas#, V. _E._ 1, 4, _thou, Tityrus, dost teach the woods to echo Amaryllis Fair_).

THE NOMINATIVE OF EXCLAMATION.

1117. The nominative is sometimes used in exclamations: as,

#fortūnae fīlius, omnēs#, H. _S._ 2, 6, 49, _‘the child of Fortune,’ all_ exclaim. This nominative is often accompanied by an interjection, such as #ecce#, #ēn#, #heu#, #ō#, #prō#, #vāh#: as, #ēn Priamus#, V. 1, 461, _lo, Priam here_. #ō fēstus diēs#, T. _Eu._ 560, _oh day of cheer_. For #eccilla#, see 667.

THE VOCATIVE NOMINATIVE AND VOCATIVE PROPER.

1118. The vocative nominative is used when a person or thing is addressed: as,

#quō usque tandem abūtēre, Catilīna, patientiā nostrā?# _C._ 1, 1, _in heaven’s name, how long, Catiline, wilt trifle with our patience?_ #valēte, dēsīderia mea, valēte#, _Fam._ 14, 2, 4, _good bye, my absent loves, good bye_. Instead of a proper name, an emphatic #tū# is often used: as, #advorte animum sīs tū#, Pl. _Cap._ 110, _just pay attention, sirrah, please_.

1119. Masculine stems in #-o-# commonly use the special form for the second person singular called the vocative: as,

#urbem, urbem, mī Rūfe, cole#, _Fam._ 2, 12, 2, _stick to town, dear Rufus, yes, to town_. But the vocative nominative is sometimes used even of #-o-# stems: as, #audī tū, populus Albānus#, L. 1, 24, 7, _hear thou, the people of Alba_.

1120. Poets use the vocative nominative or vocative proper very freely, sometimes for liveliness, but often simply in place of other cases not allowed by the metre: as,

#ōra manūsque tuā lavimus, Fērōnia, lymphā#, H. _S._ 1, 5, 24, _our faces and our hands, Feronia, in thy stream we wash_. #occiderat Tatius, populīsque aequāta duōbus, Rōmule, iūra dabās#, O. 14, 805, _now dead was Tatius, and to peoples twain thou gavest, Romulus, impartial laws_. #longum tibi, Daedale, crīmen#, O. 8, 240, _a lasting stigma, Daedalus, to thee_. In these three examples, #Fērōniae#, #Rōmulus#, and #Daedalō# would be impossible. In poetry, the vocative is particularly common in questions.

1121. Nominative forms and vocative forms are often combined: as, #dulcis amīce#, H. _E._ 1, 7, 12, _sweet friend_. #mī vir#, Pl. _Am._ 716, _my husband_. #Iāne pater#, J. 6, 394, _thou father Janus_.

1122. In verse the vocative is occasionally used even in the predicate: as, #quō moritūre ruis?# V. 10, 811, _whither, on death intent, fliest thou?_ #quibus, Hector, ab ōrīs exspectāte venīs?# V. 2, 282, _out of what limboes, Hector, dost thou gladly welcomed come?_

1123. The vocative nominative or vocative proper is sometimes accompanied by #ō#, but only in impassioned addresses: as, #ō fortūnāte adulēscēns#, _Arch._ 24, _oh thou thrice blest youth_; also by #prō# in addresses to gods, by #eho# and #heus# in calls on men. Rarely by #au#, #ehem#, #hem#, #ē̆heu#, #eia# or #heia#, #iō#.

[Erratum: 1120 ... #ōra manūsque tuā lavimus, Fērōnia, lymphā#, final , missing]

THE ACCUSATIVE.

1124. The accusative is used primarily with verbs, or with expressions equivalent to verbs. The relations expressed by the accusative are all of one general kind; but they vary somewhat, according to the nature of the verb.

1125. I. With most verbs, the accusative either (_a._) denotes that which is affected or apprehended, or is produced by the action of the verb (1132); or, less frequently (_b._) it repeats the meaning of the verb in the form of a substantive (1140).

Such accusatives, called accusatives of the _Object_, are never attended by a preposition, and become nominative in the passive construction.

1126. II. With some verbs, the accusative denotes (_a._) extent or duration (1151); with others it denotes (_b._) aim of motion (1157).

Both these accusatives sometimes have their places taken by a prepositional expression, or by an adverb; in the passive construction, they are not convertible into a nominative, but remain accusative.

1127. Two or even three accusatives are sometimes used with one and the same verb: see 1167-1174.

1128. The accusative is sometimes disengaged from the verb, with which it originally stood, and used with a noun or a preposition.

1129. (1.) With substantives, the accusative is rare; it is used (_a._) in a few attributive expressions, chiefly old set forms, and rarely to denote (_b._) aim of motion.

Thus (_a._) the predicative #id aetātis#, in #id aetātis iam sumus#, _we are now of that age_, becomes attributive in #hominēs id aetātis#, _people of that age_. And (_b._) as #domum#, _home_, is used with the verb #redeō#, _go back_, so also rarely with the substantive #reditiō#, _a return_.

1130. With adjectives, the accusative is commonly that of extent: so with #altus#, _high_, #lātus#, _wide_, and #longus#, _long_, sometimes with #crassus#, _thick_.

Thus, in #eōs surculōs facitō sint longī pedēs bīnōs#, _see that the scions be two feet long_, the accusative #pedēs#, which belongs with the predicate #sint longī#, may be used with the attributive adjective #longus# alone, thus: #surculī longī pedēs bīnōs#, _scions two feet long_.

1131. (2.) The accusative is used with many prepositions: see 1410.

[Erratum: 1130 ... and #longus#, _long_ #longus#.]

I. THE ACCUSATIVE OF THE OBJECT.

1132. The object of a verb is put in the accusative: as,

(_a._) #oppida sua omnia incendunt#, 1, 5, 3, _they set all their towns afire_. #cōnspexit adrāsum quendam#, H. _E._ 1, 7, 49, _he spied a man all shaven and shorn_. (_b._) #duās fossās perdūxit#, 7, 72, 3, _he made two trenches_. This accusative, is, as may be seen above, either (_a._) receptive, i.e. existing independently of the action of the verb, and only affected or apprehended by it; or (_b._) of product, i.e. produced by the action of the verb.

1133. Verbs thus used with an object are said to be _used transitively_. Such verbs may also be used intransitively, that is without an object, when stress is put on the action merely: thus,

(_a._) Transitively: #tū mē amās, ego tē amō#, Pl. _Most._ 305, _thou lovest me, and I love thee_. #nova dīruunt, alia aedificant#, S. _C._ 20, 12, _they pull down new structures, and build up others_. (_b._) Intransitively: #amō#, Pl. _B._ 511, _I’m in love_. #dīruit, aedificat#, H. _E._ 1, 1, 100, _it pulleth down, it buildeth up_.

1134. Some verbs, in addition to the accusative, often take an infinitive also: thus, #eum vident sedēre#, _V._ 5, 107, _they see him sit, they see that he is sitting_. Here the accusative #eum#, originally the object, _they see him_, becomes at the same time the subject of the new statement appended, #sedēre#, _sit_, thus giving rise to the construction known as the _accusative with the infinitive_.

1135. Instead of the proper accusative of the object, another accusative is sometimes substituted, denoting the ultimate result: as,

#rūpēre viam#, L. 2, 50, 10, _they broke a path_, i.e. _they broke_ through the obstacles, and so made _a path_. #foedusque ferī#, E. 33, _and strike a covenant_, i.e. _strike_ a victim, and so make _a covenant_.

1136. In Plautus, #quid tibī̆# with a substantive of action in #-tiō# and #est#, has an accusative like a verb used transitively: as, #quid tibī̆ hanc cūrātiōst rem?# Pl. _Am._ 519, _what business hast thou with this?_

1137. Many verbs ordinarily used intransitively, particularly verbs of motion, have a transitive use when compounded with a preposition.

Such prepositions are, #ad#, #circum#, #ex#, #in#, #ob#, #per#, #prae#, #praeter#, #trāns#, and some others: as, #plūrēs paucōs circumsistēbant#, 4, 26, 2, _a good many took their stand round a few_. #Caesar omnem agrum Pīcēnum percurrit#, Caes. _C._ 1, 15, 1, _Caesar runs over the whole Picene territory_. #praeterīre nēmō pristrīnum potest#, Pl. _Cap._ 808, _no man can pass the mill_. #flūmen trānsiērunt#, 4, 4, 7, _they crossed the river_.

1138. A few verbs with a transitive use, have, when compounded with #circum# and #trāns#, besides the accusative of the object, a second accusative of the thing to which the preposition refers: as, #istum circumdūce hāsce aedīs#, Pl. _Most._ 843, _take that man round this house_. #Caesar funditōrēs pontem trādūcit#, 2, 10, 1, _Caesar takes the slingers over the bridge_. #trānsfer līmen aureolōs pedēs#, Cat. 61, 166, _over the threshold put thy little golden foot_. In the passive, the accusative connected with the preposition is sometimes retained: as, #Apollōniam praetervehuntur#, Caes. _C._ 3, 26, 1, _they sail by Apollonia_.

1139. Verbs of weeping and wailing, and some other verbs of feeling, which commonly have an intransitive use, sometimes have a transitive use with an accusative: as,

(_a._) #lūget senātus, maeret equester ōrdō#, _Mil._ 20, _the senate is in mourning, the equestrian order betrays its sadness_. (_b._) #mātrōnae eum lūxērunt#, L. 2, 7, 4, _the married women wore mourning for him_. #maereō cāsum eius modī#, _Fam._ 14, 2, 2, _I cannot help showing my grief over a misfortune of such a kind_. #quid mortem congemis ac flēs#, Lucr. 3, 934, _why dost thou death bewail and weep?_ Such verbs are #fleō#, _weep_, #gemō#, _wail_, #lāmentor#, #queror#, _bewail_, #doleō#, _am distressed_, #lūgeō#, _mourn_, #maereō#, _betray sadness_. Similarly, #horreō#, _shudder_, #reformīdō#, _am in dread_, #fastīdiō#, _feel disdain_, #rīdeō#, _laugh_, &c., &c. The object is oftener a thing than a person, and passive constructions are rare, and mostly confined to poetry.

[Errata: 1135 ... _they broke a path_, i.e. _they broke_ through the obstacles, and so made _a path_. #foedusque ferī#, E. 33, _and strike a covenant_, i.e. _punctuation as printed:_ they broke a path_, i.e _they broke_ through the obstacles. and so made _a path_. #foedusque ferī#, E. 33, _and strike a covenant_, i.e]

THE EMPHASIZING OR DEFINING ACCUSATIVE.

1140. The meaning of a verb, even of one ordinarily intransitive, may be emphasized or more exactly defined by an accusative of kindred derivation added.

(_a._) Seldom without an adjective: as, #dum vītam vīvās#, Pl. _Per._ 494, _as long as life thou liv’st_, i.e. as long as you ever live and breathe. #quōrum maiōrum nēmō servitūtem servīvit#, _T._ 29, _of whose ancestors not one has served servitude_, i.e. been a regular slave. #vidē nē facinus faciās#, _Fin._ 2, 95, _mind you don’t do a deed_, i.e. a misdeed. (_b._) Commonly with an adjective: as, #scelestam servitūtem serviunt#, Pl. _Cu._ 40, _a wicked servitude they serve_. #facinus memorābile fēcistis#, L. 24, 22, 16, _you have done a deed well worth mentioning_. #mīrum atque īnscītum somniāvī somnium#, Pl. _R._ 597, _a strange and silly dream dreamed I_.

1141. The verb sometimes has an accusative of kindred meaning, but of different derivation: as,

#ut vīvās aetātem miser#, Pl. _Am._ 1023, _that thou mayst live thy days in woe_. #nōn pugnāvit ingēns Īdomeneus Sthenelusve sōlus dīcenda Mūsīs proelia#, H. 4, 9, 19, _not towering Idomeneus nor Sthenelus alone has battles fought for Muses to rehearse_.

1142. The neuter singular accusative of a descriptive adjective is used,

## particularly by the poets, to denote manner: as,