Part 39

In this use, as the examples show, #cum# with the subjunctive is often equivalent to a participle or an ablative absolute. The use is not found in Plautus (1861). Ennius and Terence have possibly each an instance (disputed) of it, but it was certainly rare until the classical period, when it became one of the commonest of constructions. It must not be confounded with the special uses of the subjunctive mentioned in 1859.

1873. The difference in meaning between #cum# with the indicative and #cum# with the subjunctive may be illustrated by the following examples:

#Gallō nārrāvī, cum proximē Rōmae fuī, quid audīssem#, _Att._ 13, 49, 2, _I told Gallus, when I was last in Rome, what I had heard_ (1866), #a. d. III kal. Maiās cum essem in Cūmānō, accēpī tuās litterās#, _Fam._ 4, 2, 1, _I received your letter on the twenty-eighth of April, being in my villa at Cumae_ (1872). #cum vāricēs secābantur C. Mariō, dolēbat#, _TD._ 2, 35, _while Marius was having his varicose veins lanced, he was in pain_ (1864). #C. Marius, cum secārētur, ut suprā dīxī, vetuit sē adligārī#, _TD._ 2, 53, _Marius being under the surgeon’s knife, as above mentioned, refused to be bound_ (1872). #num P. Decius, cum sē dēvovēret et in mediam aciem inruēbat, aliquid dē voluptātibus suīs cōgitābat?# _Fin._ 2, 61, _did Decius, offering himself up, and while he was dashing straight into the host, have any thought of pleasures of his own?_ (1872, 1864).

(B.) EXPLANATORY AND CAUSAL #cum#.

1874. The indicative is often used with explanatory #cum# when the

## action of the protasis is coincident with that of the apodosis (1733).

In this use #cum# passes from the meaning of _when_ to _that_, _in that_, or _in_ or _by_ with a verbal in _-ing_: as, #hoc verbum quom illī quoidam dīcō, praemōstrō tibī̆#, Pl. _Tri._ 342, _in laying down this lesson for your unknown friend I’m warning you_. #cum quiēscunt, probant#, _C._ 1, 21, _their inaction is approval_. Denoting the means: as, #tūte tibi prōdes plūrumum, quom servitūtem ita fers ut ferrī decet#, Pl. _Cap._ 371, _you do yourself most good by bearing slavery as it should be borne_. For similar uses of #quod#, #quia#, and #quī#, see 1850.

1875. Explanatory #cum# is also used with verbs of emotion; likewise with #grātulor# and #grātiās agō#: as, #quom tu ’s līber, gaudeō#, Pl. _Men._ 1148, _that you are free, I’m glad_. #grātulor tibī̆, cum tantum valēs apud Dolābellam#, _Fam._ 9, 14, 3, _I give you joy that you stand so well with Dolabella_. #tibī̆ maximās grātiās agō, cum tantum litterae meae potuērunt#, _Fam._ 13, 24, 2, _I thank you most heartily in that my letter had such influence_. For similar uses of #quod# and #quia#, see 1851, 1852.

1876. Explanatory #cum# is also used in the sense of _since_, _although_, or _even though_. In these meanings it introduces the indicative in old Latin (1878): as,

Denoting cause: #istō tū pauper es, quom nimis sānctē piu ’s#, Pl. _R._ 1234, _that’s why you are poor yourself, since you are over-scrupulously good_. #quom hoc nōn possum, illud minus possem#, T. _Ph._ 208, _since this I can’t, that even less could I_. Adversative cause: #īnsānīre mē aiunt, quom ipsī īnsāniunt#, Pl. _Men._ 831, _they say I’m mad, whereas they are mad themselves_. Concession: #sat sīc suspectus sum, quom careō noxiā#, Pl. _B._ 1005, _I am enough distrusted as it is, even though I’m void of wrong_.

1877. #cum#, _since_, _although_, _even though_, usually introduces the subjunctive: as,

Denoting cause: #cum in commūnibus suggestīs cōnsistere nōn audēret, contiōnārī ex turrī altā solēbat#, _TD._ 5, 59, _since he did not dare to stand up on an ordinary platform, he always did his speaking from a lofty tower_, of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. #Aeduī cum sē dēfendere nōn possent, lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt#, 1, 11, 2, _since the Aeduans could not defend themselves, they sent ambassadors to Caesar_. Adversative cause: #fuit perpetuō pauper, cum dīvitissimus esse posset#, N. 19, 1, 2, _he was always poor, whereas he might have been very rich_, of Phocion. #Pyladēs cum sīs, dīcēs tē esse Orestēn?# _Fin._ 2, 79, _whereas you are Pylades, will you declare yourself Orestes?_ Concession: #ipse Cicerō, cum tenuissimā valētūdine esset, nē nocturnum quidem sibī̆ tempus ad quiētem relinquēbat#, 5, 40, 7, _Cicero himself, though he was in extremely delicate health, did not allow himself even the night-time for rest_. #ille Catō, cum esset Tusculī nātus, in populī Rōmānī cīvitātem susceptus est#, _Leg._ 2, 5, _the great Cato, though born at Tusculum, was received into the citizenship of the Roman nation_.

1878. This use of the subjunctive is not found in Plautus. It is thought to have begun in the time of Terence, who may have a couple of instances (disputed). Thereafter, it grew common and was the regular mood used with explanatory and causal #cum# in the classical period.

1879. Explanatory #cum# is sometimes introduced by #quippe#, rarely by #ut pote#, _naturally_: as,

#tum vērō gravior cūra patribus incessit, quippe cum prōdī causam ab suīs cernerent#, L. 4, 57, 10, _then the senators were still more seriously concerned, and naturally enough, since they beheld their cause betrayed by their own people_. #valētūdō, ē quā iam ēmerseram, ut pote cum sine febrī labōrāssem#, _Att._ 5, 8, 1, _an illness from which I had already recovered, naturally, since it was unaccompanied by fever_. #quippe cum# occurs in Cicero, Nepos, and Livy; #ut pote cum# is used once in Cicero’s letters, once by Pollio to Cicero, and in late writers. For #quippe# and #ut pote# with a causal relative, see 1827.

1880. The adversative idea is often emphasized by the use of #tamen# in the main clause: as, #cum prīmī ōrdinēs hostium concidissent, tamen ācerrimē reliquī resistēbant#, 7, 62, 4, _though the front ranks of the enemy had fallen, yet the rest made a most spirited resistance_.

(C.) #cum . . . tum.#

1881. A protasis with #cum# is often followed by an emphatic apodosis introduced by #tum#.

The protasis denotes what is general or common or old; the apodosis what is special or strange or new. In classical Latin #tum# is often emphasized by #maximē#, #in prīmīs#, #vērō#, &c.

In this use the mood is more commonly the indicative and the time of the two verbs is apt to be identical: as, #quom mihi paveō, tum Antiphō mē excruciat animī#, T. _Ph._ 187, _whilst for myself I tremble, Antipho puts me in a perfect agony of soul_. But #cum anteā distinēbar maximīs occupātiōnibus, tum hōc tempore multō distineor vehementius#, _Fam._ 12, 30, 2, _I was distracted by most important engagements before, but now I am very much more distracted_. Less frequently the subjunctive, to denote cause or concession (1877): as, #cum tē ā pueritiā tuā dīlēxerim, tum hōc multō ācrius dīligō#, _Fam._ 15, 9, 1, _whereas I have always loved you from your boyhood, for this I love you with a far intenser love_. By abridgement of the sentence (1057), #cum . . . tum# come to be copulative conjunctions (1687): as, #mōvit patrēs cōnscrīptōs cum causa tum auctor#, L. 9, 10, 1, _both the cause and its supporter touched the conscript fathers_.

#quoniam.#

1882. #quoniam#, compounded of #quom# and #iam#, _when now_, refers primarily to time, but is seldom so used and only by early writers. The temporal meaning passed early into an exclusively causal meaning, _since_. In both meanings it regularly introduces the indicative (1721). For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is used, as in indirect discourse (1725), or by attraction (1728).

1883. (1.) #quoniam#, _when now_, used of time in early Latin, has sometimes as a correlative #continuō#, #subitō#, or #extemplō#; it usually introduces the present indicative (1590): as,

#is quoniam moritur, numquam indicāre id fīliō voluit suō#, Pl. _Aul._ 9, _when he was on his dying bed, he ne’er would point it out to his own son_, of a hidden treasure. #quoniam sentiō quae rēs gererētur, nāvem extemplō statuimus#, Pl. _B._ 290, _when now I saw what was doing, we stopped the ship at once_.

1884. (2.) #quoniam#, _since_, _seeing that_, _now that_, with the indicative, introduces a reason, usually one known to the person addressed, or one generally known: as,

#vēra dīcō, sed nēquīquam, quoniam nōn vīs crēdere#, Pl. _Am._ 835, _the truth I speak, but all in vain, since thou wilt not believe_. #vōs, Quirītēs, quoniam iam nox est, in vestra tecta discēdite#, _C._ 3, 29, _do you, citizens, since it is now grown dark, depart and go to your own several homes_. #quoniam in eam ratiōnem vītae nōs fortūna dēdūxit, ut sempiternus sermō dē nōbīs futūrus sit, caveāmus#, _QFr._ 1, 1, 38, _since fortune has set us in such a walk of life that we are to be eternally talked about, let us be on our guard_. Often in transition: as, #quoniam dē genere bellī dīxī, nunc dē magnitūdine pauca dīcam#, _IP._ 20, _since I have finished speaking about the character of the war, I will now speak briefly about its extent_. With the subjunctive in indirect discourse (1725): as, #crēbrīs Pompēī litterīs castīgābantur, quoniam prīmō venientem Caesarem nōn prohibuissent#, Caes. _C._ 3, 25, 3, _they were rebuked in numerous letters of Pompey, ‘because they had not kept Caesar off as soon as he came.’_

#quotiēns#, #quotiēnscumque#.

1885. The relative particle #quotiēns# (711), or #quotiēnscumque#, _every time that_, _whenever_, introduces the indicative: as,

#quotiēns quaeque cohors prōcurrerat, magnus numerus hostium cadēbat#, 5, 34, 2, _as the cohorts successively charged, a great number of the enemy fell every time_. #quoius quotiēns sepulcrum vidēs, sacruficās#, Pl. _E._ 175, _every time you see her tomb, you offer sacrifice_. #nec quotiēnscumque mē vīderit, ingemīscet#, _Sest._ 146, _neither shall he fall a-groaning whenever he sees me_ (1736). #quotiēnsque# is late and rare.

1886. #quotiēns# has sometimes as a correlative #totiēns#, or a combination with #tot# which is equivalent to #totiēns#: as, #quotiēns dīcimus, totiēns dē nōbīs iūdicātur#, _DO._ 1, 125, _every time we make a speech, the world sits in judgement on us_. #sī tot cōnsulibus meruisset, quotiēns ipse cōnsul fuit#, _Balb._ 47, _if he had been in the army as many years as he was consul_.

1887. The subjunctive imperfect and pluperfect are common in the later writers to indicate repeated action (1730): as, #quotiēns super tālī negōtiō cōnsultāret, ēditā domūs parte ac lībertī ūnīus cōnscientiā ūtēbātur#, _Ta._ 6, 27, _whenever he had recourse to astrologers, it was in the upper part of his house and with the cognizance of only a single freedman_.

#quam.#

1888. #quam#, _as_ or _than_, introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison. For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is used, as by attraction (1728), or of action conceivable (1731); see also 1896, 1897.

But usually periods of comparison are abridged (1057) by the omission of the verb or of other parts in the protasis (1325).

WITH THE INDICATIVE.

1889. (1.) #quam#, _as_, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of equality, generally with #tam# as correlative in the apodosis: as,

#tam facile vincēs quam pirum volpēs comēst#, Pl. _Most._ 559, _you’ll beat as easily as Reynard eats a pear_. #tam excoctam reddam atque ātram quam carbōst#, T. _Ad._ 849, _I’ll have her stewed all out and black as is a coal_. From Cicero on, the apodosis is in general negative or interrogative: as, #quōrum neutrum tam facile quam tū arbitrāris concēditur#, _Div._ 1, 10, _neither of these points is as readily granted as you suppose_. #quid est ōrātōrī tam necessārium quam vōx?# _DO._ 1, 251, _what is so indispensable to the speaker as voice?_ Otherwise #nōn minus . . . quam#, _no less than_, _just as much_, or #nōn magis . . . quam#, _just as little_ or _just as much_, is often preferred to #tam . . . quam#: as, #accēpī nōn minus interdum ōrātōrium esse tacēre quam dīcere#, Plin. _Ep._ 7, 6, 7, _I have observed that silence is sometimes quite as eloquent as speech_. #nōn magis mihī̆ deerit inimīcus quam Verrī dēfuit#, _V._ 3, 162, _I shall lack an enemy as little as Verres did_. #domus erat nōn dominō magis ōrnāmentō quam cīvitātī#, _V._ 4, 5, _the house was as much a pride to the state as to its owner_.

1890. Instead of #tam#, another correlative is sometimes used in the apodosis. Thus, #aequē . . . quam# occurs in Plautus and in Livy and later writers, generally after a negative expression; #perinde . . . quam# in Tacitus and Suetonius; #iūxtā ... quam# once in Livy. Sometimes the apodosis contains no correlative.

1891. #tam . . . quam# become by abridgement coordinating words: as,

#tam vēra quam falsa cernimus#, _Ac._ 2, 111, _we make out things both true and false_.

1892. The highest possible degree is expressed by #tam . . . quam quī# and a superlative without a verb; or by #quam# and a superlative with or without a form of #possum# (1466); sometimes by #quantus# or #ut#: as,

(_a._) #tam sum misericors quam vōs; tam mītis quam quī lēnissimus#, _Sull._ 87, _I am as tender-hearted as you; as mild as the gentlest man living_. #tam sum amīcus rē̆ī pūblicae quam quī maximē#, _Fam._ 5, 2, 6, _I am as devoted a patriot as anybody can be_. (_b._) #quam maximīs potest itineribus in Galliam contendit#, 1, 7, 1, _he pushes into Gaul by as rapid marches as he can_. #cōnstituērunt iūmentōrum quam maximum numerum coëmere#, 1, 3, 1, _they determined to buy up the greatest possible number of beasts of burden_. (_c._) #tanta est inter eōs, quanta maxima potest esse, mōrum distantia#, _L._ 74, _there is the greatest possible difference of character between them_. Or without any superlative: #fuge domum quantum potest#, Pl. _Men._ 850, _run home as quick as e’er you can_. #ut potuī accūrātissimē tē tūtātus sum#, _Fam._ 5, 17, 2, _I defended you as carefully as I could_.

1893. #quam . . . tam#, with two comparatives or superlatives, is equivalent to the more common #quō . . . eō# with two comparatives (1973): as,

(_a._) #magis quam id reputō, tam magis ūror#, Pl. _B._ 1091, _the more I think it over, the sorer do I feel_. This use is found in Plautus, Lucretius, and Vergil. (_b._) #quam quisque pessumē fēcit, tam maxumē tūtus est#, S. _I._ 31, 14, _the worse a man has acted, the safer he always is_. This use is found in Plautus, Terence, Cato, Varro, and Sallust.

1894. (2.) #quam#, _than_, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of inequality, with a comparative in the apodosis: as,

#meliōrem quam ego sum suppōnō tibī̆#, Pl. _Cu._ 256, _I give you in my place a better man than I am_. #plūra dīxī quam voluī#, _V._ 5, 79, _I have said more than I intended_. #Antōniō quam est, volō peius esse#, _Att._ 15, 3, 2, _I hope Antony may be worse off than he is_. #doctrīna paulō dūrior quam nātūra patitur#, _Mur._ 60, _principles somewhat sterner than nature doth support_. #potius sērō quam numquam#, L. 4, 2, 11, _better late than never_. #corpus patiēns algōris suprā quam cuiquam crēdibile est#, S. _C._ 5, 3, _a constitution capable of enduring cold beyond what anybody could believe_. #suprā quam# is found in Cicero, Sallust, and often in late writers; #īnfrā# and #ultrā quam# in Cicero, Livy, and late writers (#īnfrā quam# also in Varro); #extrā quam# in Ennius, Cato, and in legal and official language in Cicero and Livy.

1895. #quam# is also used with some virtual comparatives: thus, #nihil aliud#, #nōn aliud quam#, _no other than_, often as adverb, _only_; #secus quam# with a negative, _not otherwise than_; #bis tantō quam#, _twice as much as_; and #prae quam# in old Latin, _in comparison with how_; and similar phrases: as,

(_a._) #per bīduum nihil aliud quam stetērunt parātī ad pugnandum#, L. 34, 46, 7, _for two days they merely stood in battle array_. This use occurs first in Sallust, then in Nepos, Livy, and later writers. (_b._) #mihī̆ erit cūrae nē quid fīat secus quam volumus#, _Att._ 6, 2, 2, _I will see to it that nothing be done save as we wish_. This use occurs in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, Cicero, Livy, and later writers. With both #aliud# and #secus# the clause is rarely positive, with #aliud# not before Livy. For #atque# (#ac#) instead of #quam# when the first clause is negative, see 1654. (_c._) #bis tantō valeō quam valuī prius#, Pl. _Merc._ 297, _I am twice as capable as I was before_. (_d._) #nīl hōc quidem est trīgintā minae, prae quam aliōs sūmptūs facit#, Pl. _Most._ 981, _oh, this is nothing, thirty minae, when you think what other sums he spends_. #prae quam# is found only in Plautus rarely. Similar phrases are: #contrā quam#, in Cicero, Livy, and later writers; #praeter quam#, in Plautus, Naevius, and frequently in other writers when followed by #quod# (1848); #super quam quod# (1848) and #īnsuper quam# in Livy; #prō quam# in Lucretius; #advorsum quam#, once in Plautus. #prae quam# is sometimes followed by a relative clause: as, #prae quam quod molestumst#, Pl. _Am._ 634, _compared with what is painful_. For #ante# (or #prius#) and #post quam#, see 1911, 1923.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

1896. The subjunctive is used with #quam# or #quam ut# after comparatives denoting disproportion (1461): as,

#quicquid erat oneris Segestānīs impōnēbat, aliquantō amplius quam ferre possent#, _V._ 4, 76, _he would impose every possible burden on the Segestans, far too much for them to bear_. #quis nōn intellegit Canachī sīgna rigidiōra esse, quam ut imitentur vēritātem?# _Br._ 70, _who does not feel that the statues of Canachus are too stiff to be true to nature?_ #clārior rēs erat quam ut dissimulārī posset#, L. 26, 51, 11, _the thing was too notorious to be hushed up_. Instead of #ut#, #quī# is also used by Livy and later writers: as, #maior sum quam cui possit Fortūna nocēre#, O. 6, 195, _too strong am I for Fortune to break down_, says infatuated Niobe. All these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of action conceivable (1554, 1818).

1897. The subjunctive is used in clauses introduced by #potius quam#, _rather than_, to denote action merely assumed. #citius#, #ante#, or #prius#, _sooner_, is sometimes used in the sense of #potius#: as,

#potius quam tē inimīcum habeam, faciam ut iusseris#, T. _Eu._ 174, _rather than make you my enemy, I will do as you tell me_. #dēpugnā potius quam serviās#, _Att._ 7, 7, 7, _fight it out rather than be a slave_. #potius vituperātiōnem incōnstantiae suscipiam, quam in tē sim crūdēlis#, _V._ 5, 105, _I will submit to the charge of inconsistency rather than be cruel towards you_. #animam omittunt prius quam locō dēmigrent#, Pl. _Am._ 240, _they lose their lives sooner than yield their ground_. Livy has also #potius quam ut#. All these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of desire (1540, 1817).

WITH THE INFINITIVE.

1898. When the main clause is an infinitive, #quam# is often followed by an infinitive: as,

#mālim morīrī me͡os quam mendīcārier#, Pl. _Vid._ 96, _better my bairns be dead than begging bread_. #vōcēs audiēbantur prius sē cortice ex arboribus vīctūrōs, quam Pompēium ē manibus dīmissūrōs#, Caes. _C._ 3, 49, 1, _shouts were heard that they would live on the bark of trees sooner than let Pompey slip through their fingers_.

#quamquam.#

1899. (1.) #quamquam# is used in old Latin as an indefinite adverb, _ever so much_, _however much_: as,

#quamquam negōtiumst, sī quid veis, Dēmiphō, nōn sum occupātus umquam amīcō operam dare#, Pl. _Mer._ 287, _however busy I may be_ (1814), _if anything you wish, dear Demipho, I’m not too busy ever to a friend mine aid to lend_. #id quoque possum ferre, quamquam iniūriumst#, T. _Ad._ 205, _that also I can bear, however so unfair_. From an adverb, #quamquam# became a conjunction, _although_.

1900. (2.) #quamquam#, _although_, introduces the indicative in the concession of a definite fact. In the later writers it is also sometimes used with the subjunctive, sometimes with a participle or an adjective.

(_a._) #quamquam premuntur aere aliēnō, dominātiōnem tamen exspectant#, _C._ 2, 19, _though they are staggering under debt, they yet look forward to being lords and masters_. #quamquam nōn vēnit ad fīnem tam audāx inceptum, tamen haud omnīnō vānum fuit#, L. 10, 32, 5, _though the bold attempt did not attain its purpose, yet it was not altogether fruitless_. This is the classical use; but see 1901. (_b._) #nam et tribūnīs plēbis senātūs habendī iūs erat, quamquam senātōrēs nōn essent#, Varro in Gell. 14, 8, 2, _for even the tribunes of the people, though they were not senators, had the right to hold a meeting of the senate_. #haud cunctātus est Germānicus, quamquam fingī ea intellegeret#, Ta. 2, 26, _Germanicus did not delay, though he was aware this was all made up_. This use is found first in Varro, often in the Augustan poets, sometimes in Livy, always in Juvenal. It does not become common before Tacitus and the younger Pliny. (_c._) #sequente, quamquam nōn probante, Amynandrō#, L. 31, 41, 7, _Amynander accompanying though not approving_ (1374). #nē Aquītānia quidem, quamquam in verba Othōnis obstricta, diū mānsit#, Ta. _H._ 1, 76, _Aquitania, though bound by the oath of allegiance to Otho, did not hold out long either_. This use is found once each in Cicero and Sallust, half a dozen times in Livy, oftener in Tacitus.

1901. The subjunctive is also used often with #quamquam# for special reasons, as by attraction (1728), in indirect discourse (1725), and of

## action conceivable (1731).

1902. For #quamquam# appending a fresh main sentence, see 2153; for its use with the infinitive, 2317.

[Erratum: 1899. (1.) (1)]

#quam vīs# or #quamvīs#.

1903. #quam vīs# or #quamvīs# is used as an indefinite adverb (712), _as much as you please_, and is often joined with an adjective or other adverb to take the place of a superlative: as,

#quam vīs rīdiculus est, ubī̆ uxor nōn adest#, Pl. _Men._ 318, _he’s as droll as you please when his wife isn’t by_. #quamveis īnsipiēns poterat persentīscere#, Pl. _Merc._ 687, _the veriest dullard could detect_. #quamvīs paucī adīre audent#, 4, 2, 5, _the merest handful dares attack_. #quamvīs callidē#, _V._ 2, 134, _ever so craftily_. #quamvīs# is also sometimes used to strengthen a superlative (1466), though not in classical prose.

1904. (1.) The indefinite adverb #quam vīs#, _as much as you please_, is often used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission; such subjunctives are sometimes coordinated with #licet#: as,

#quod turpe est, id quam vīs occultētur, tamen honestum fierī nūllō modō potest#, _Off._ 3, 78, _if a thing is base, let it be hidden as much as you will, yet it cannot be made respectable_ (1553). #locus hīc apud nōs, quam vīs subitō veniās, semper līber est#, Pl. _B._ 82, _our house is always open, come as sudden as you may_ (1553). #praeter eōs quam vīs ēnumerēs multōs licet, nōnnūllōs reperiēs perniciōsōs tribūnōs#, _Leg._ 3, 24, _besides these you may tell off as many as you please, you will still find some dangerous tribunes_ (1710). The combination with #licet# occurs first in Lucretius, then in Cicero.

Instead of #vīs#, other forms are sometimes used: as, #volumus#, #volent#, #velit#, &c.: thus, #quam volent facētī sint#, _Cael._ 67, _they may be as witty as they please_ (1735). #quam volet Epicūrus iocētur et dīcat sē nōn posse intellegere, numquam mē movēbit#, _DN._ 2, 46, _Epicurus may joke and say he can’t understand it as much as he likes, he will never shake me_. From an adverb, #quam vīs# became a conjunction, _however much_, _even if_.

1905. (2.) The subjunctive with the conjunction #quamvīs#, _however much_, _even if_, _though_, denotes action merely assumed; when the

## action is to be denoted as real, #ut# or #sīcut# or the like, with the

indicative, usually follows in the best prose (1943): as,