Part 36

1746. (1.) The present, or perfect subjunctive, or the future participle with a form of #sim#, is used in sentences subordinate to a primary tense (1717): as,

(_a._) #tē hortor, ut Rōmam pergās#, _QFr._ 1, 3, 4, _I urge you to repair to Rome_. #cūrā, ut quam prīmum veniās#, _Fam._ 4, 10, 1, _mind that you come as soon as you can_. #ego quid accēperim sciō#, _RA._ 58, _I know what I have received_. #quam sum sollicitus quidnam futūrum sit#, _Att._ 8, 6, 3, _how anxious I am to know what in the world is to come_. (_b._) #in eum locum rēs dēducta est ut salvī esse nequeāmus#, _Fam._ 16, 12, 1, _to such a pass has it come that we cannot be saved_. #an oblītus es quid initiō dīxerim?# _DN._ 2, 2, _have you possibly forgotten what I said at the start?_ #quoniam in eam ratiōnem vītae nōs fortūna dēdūxit, ut sempiternus sermō dē nōbīs futūrus sit, caveāmus#, _QFr._ 1, 1, 38, _since fortune has set us in such a walk of life that we are to be eternally talked about, let us be on our guard_. (_c._) #efficiam, ut intellegātis#, _Clu._ 7, _I will see that you understand_. #dīcent quid statuerint#, _V._ 2, 175, _they will tell what they decided on_. #quae fuerit causa, mox vīderō#, _Fin._ 1, 35, _what the reason was I won’t consider till by and by_ (1630). #tē disertum putābō, sī ostenderis quō modō sīs eōs inter sīcāriōs dēfēnsūrus#, _Ph._ 2, 8, _I shall think you a most effective speaker, if you show how you are going to defend them on the charge of murder_.

1747. (2.) The imperfect, or pluperfect subjunctive, or the future

## participle with a form of #essem#, is used in sentences subordinate to a

secondary tense (1717): as,

(_a._) #hīs rēbus fīēbat, ut minus lātē vagārentur#, 1, 2, 4, _so it came to pass that they did not roam round much_. #docēbat, ut tōtīus Galliae prīncipātum Aeduī tenuissent#, 1, 43, 6, _he showed how the Aeduans had had the mastery over all Gaul_. #Flaccus quid aliī posteā factūrī essent scīre nōn poterat#, Fl. 33, _Flaccus could not tell what other people would do in the future_. (_b._) #is cīvitātī persuāsit, ut dē fīnibus suīs cum omnibus cōpiīs exīrent#, 1, 2, 1, _this man prevailed on his community to emigrate from their place of abode, bag and baggage_. #quās rēs in Hispāniā gessisset, disseruit#, L. 28, 38, 2, _he discoursed on his military career in Spain_. #an Lacedaemoniī quaesīvērunt num sē esset morī prohibitūrus?# TD. 5, 42, _did the Spartans ask whether he was going to prevent them from dying?_ (_c._) #Ariovistus tantōs sibī̆ spīritūs sūmpserat, ut ferendus nōn vidērētur#, 1, 33, 5, _Ariovistus had put on such high and mighty airs that he seemed intolerable_. #hīc pāgus, cum domō exīsset patrum nostrōrum memoriā, L. Cassium cōnsulem interfēcerat#, 1, 12, 5, _this canton, sallying out from home in our fathers’ recollection, had put Cassius, the consul, to death_. #illud quod mihī̆ extrēmum prōposueram, cum essem de bellī genere dictūrus#, _IP._ 17, _the point I had reserved till the end, when I was going to discourse on the character of the war_.

1748. With any kind of a secondary main sentence, a subordinate general truth usually stands in the past, contrary to the English idiom: as,

#hīc cōgnōscī licuit, quantum esset hominibus praesidī in animī firmitūdine#, Caes. _C._ 3, 28, 4, _here there was a chance to learn what a bulwark man has in courage_. In the direct form #est# (1588).

1749. A subsequent relation is sometimes loosely suggested by a simple subjunctive; necessarily so with verbs which lack the future participle, or which are in the passive: as, #sum sollicitus quidnam dē prōvinciīs dēcernātur#, _Fam._ 2, 11, 1, _I am anxious to see what in the world may be decided on about the provinces_.

1750. In a single example, a future perfect of resulting state is represented in subordination as follows: #nec dubitō quīn cōnfecta iam rēs futūra sit#, _Fam._ 6, 12, 3, _and I have no doubt the job will soon be completely finished up_, directly, #sine dubiō cōnfecta iam rēs erit#.

1751. (1.) An imperfect subjunctive expressing a particular past result, cause, reason, &c., is sometimes connected with a main general present tense (1744): as,

#cuius praeceptī tanta vīs est, ut ea Delphicō deō tribuerētur#, _Leg._ 1, 58, _the power of this rule is so mighty that it was ascribed to the Delphic god_. #cuius rē̆ī tanta est vīs, ut Ithacam illam sapientissimus vir immortālitātī antepōneret#, _DO._ 1, 196, _so irresistible is the power of this sentiment that the shrewdest of men loved his little Ithaca better than life eternal_; of Ulixes. #laudantur ōrātōrēs veterēs quod crīmina dīluere dīlūcidē solērent#, _V._ 2, 191, _the orators of old are admired ‘because they were always clear in explaining accusations away.’_ The secondary sequence is also sometimes exceptionally used with ordinary presents.

1752. (2.) The present of vivid narration is commonly regarded as a secondary tense, especially when the subordinate sentence precedes, and regularly with narrative #cum#. Sometimes however as a primary tense: as,

(_a._) #servīs suīs Rubrius, ut iānuam clauderent, imperat#, _V._ 1, 66, _Rubrius orders his slaves to shut the front door_. #Aeduī, cum sē dēfendere nōn possent, lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt#, 1, 11, 2, _the Aeduans, finding they could not defend themselves, send some envoys to Caesar_. (_b._) #hortātur, ut arma capiant#, 7, 4, 4, _he urges them to fly to arms_. Sometimes the two sequences stand side by side, or a subjunctive of primary sequence has itself a second subordinate subjunctive of secondary sequence. Either sequence is used with the present of quotation also (1592).

1753. (3.) Subordinate sentences of past action conceivable, of action non-occurrent, or dubitative questions of the past, retain their past unchanged with a main primary tense: as,

(_a._) #vērī simile nōn est, ut ille monumentīs maiōrum pecūniam antepōneret#, _V._ 4, 11, _it is not conceivable that the man would have thought more of money than of his heirlooms_, i.e. #nōn antepōneret# (1559). (_b._) #omnia sīc erunt inlūstria, ut ad ea probanda tōtam Siciliam testem adhibēre possem#, _V._ 5, 139, _everything will be so self-evident, that I could use all Sicily as a witness to prove it_ (1560). #taceō, nē haec quidem conligō, quae fortasse valērent apud iūdicem#, _Lig._ 30, _I’ll hold my tongue, I won’t even gather together the following arguments, which might perhaps be telling with a juryman_ (1560). (_c._) #quaerō ā tē cūr C. Cornēlium nōn dēfenderem#, _Vat._ 5, _I put the question to you, why I was not to defend Cornelius_ (1563).

1754. A final subjunctive subordinate to a perfect definite sometimes has the primary sequence, but more commonly the secondary: as,

(_a._) #etiamne ad subsellia cum ferrō vēnistis, ut hīc iugulētis Sex. Rōscium?# _RA._ 32, _have you actually come to the court-room knife in hand, to cut Roscius’s throat on the spot?_ (_b._) #nē īgnōrārētis esse aliquās pācis vōbīs condiciōnēs, ad vōs vēnī#, L. 21, 13, 2, _I have come to you to let you know that you have some chances of peace_. #addūxī hominem in quō satis facere exterīs nātiōnibus possētis#, _V. a. pr._ 2, _I have brought up a man in whose person you can give satisfaction to foreign nations_.

1755. An independent present or perfect subjunctive may be put with a main secondary tense (1744):

1756. (1.) In relative, causal, or concessive sentences: as,

#cum in cēterīs colōniīs duūm virī appellentur, hī sē praetōrēs appellārī volēbant#, _Agr._ 2, 93, _though they are styled in all other colonies The Two, these men wanted to be styled praetors_. #quī adulēscēns nihil umquam nisi sevērissimē et gravissimē fēcerit, is eā aetāte saltāvit?# _D._ 27, _did the man who in his growing years invariably behaved with austere propriety, dance and caper round in his old age?_ #hōc tōtō proeliō cum ab hōrā septimā ad vesperum pugnātum sit, āversum hostem vidēre nēmō potuit#, 1, 26, 2, _during the whole of this engagement, though the fighting went on from an hour past noon till evening, nobody could catch a glimpse of an enemy’s back_.

1757. (2.) Often in consecutive sentences: as,

(_a._) #in prōvinciā Siciliā, quam iste per triennium ita vexāvit, ut ea restituī in antīquum statum nūllō modō possit#, _V. a. pr._ 12, _in the province of Sicily, which the defendant so effectually tormented three years running that it cannot be restored at all to its original estate_. #priōrēs ita rēgnārunt, ut omnēs conditōrēs partium certē urbis numerentur#, L. 2, 1, 2, _such was the administration of the monarchs preceding, that they are all accounted founders of parts at least of Rome_. (_b._) The perfect subjunctive sometimes represents the time of the perfect definite: as, #tantum in aerārium pecūniae invēxit, ut ūnīus imperātōris praeda fīnem attulerit tribūtōrum#, _Off._ 2, 76, _he conveyed such quantities of money into the treasury, that the plunder turned in by a single commander has put an end to tribute for good and all_. #eō usque sē praebēbat patientem atque impigrum, ut eum nēmō umquam in equō sedentem vīderit#, _V._ 5, 27, _he showed himself so indefatigably active that no human being has ever seen him astride a horse_. Sometimes the time of the historical perfect: as, #temporis tanta fuit exiguitās, ut ad galeās induendās tempus dēfuerit#, 2, 21, 5, _so scant was the time that they had not time to put their helmets on_. #hīc ita quiēvit, ut eō tempore omnī Neāpolī fuerit#, _Sull._ 17, _this man held so quiet that he staid all that time at Neapolis_. In Cicero a negative subordinate perfect is not uncommon; an affirmative one is very rare. This construction is more common in Nepos, Livy, and Tacitus, and is the prevalent one in Suetonius.

1758. The imperfect only is used in complementary sentences with past verbs of happening, such as #accidit#, #contigit#, &c. (1966).

1759. When two consecutive subjunctives are coordinated, they usually have the same tense. Sometimes however the first is perfect and the second imperfect, or the reverse.

1760. (3.) An indirect question in the present or perfect sometimes retains its original tense with a main secondary tense (1744): as,

#hīc quantum in bellō fortūna possit, cōgnōscī potuit#, 6, 35, 2, _here there was a chance to see how potent dame Fortùne is in war_. Here #possit# represents #potest# of a general truth (1588); but usually general truths have the regular sequence (1748). #cūr abstinuerit spectāculō ipse, variē trahēbant#, Ta. 1, 76, _why the emperor did not go to the show, they accounted for in this way and that_, representing #cūr abstinuit? quō cōnsiliō redierim initiō audīstis, post estis expertī#, _Ph._ 10, 8, _what my idea was in coming back, you learned first by hearsay, afterwards by personal observation_, representing #quō cōnsiliō rediī?#

1761. The subordinate subjunctive has sometimes the sequence of the nearest verb, instead of that of its proper verb: as, #cūrāvit, quod semper in rē pūblicā tenendum est, nē plūrimum valeant plūrimī#, _RP._ 2, 39, _he arranged it so, a point which is always to be held fast in government, that the greatest number may not have the greatest power_.

[Erratum: 1750 ... directly, #sine dubiō cōnfecta iam rēs erit#. directly.]

TENSE SUBORDINATE TO A SUBJUNCTIVE.

1762. When the leading verb is a subjunctive, the present is regarded as primary, and the imperfect and pluperfect as secondary: as,

(_a._) #exspectō eius modī litterās ex quibus nōn quid fīat, sed quid futūrum sit sciam#, _Att._ 5, 12, 2, _I am expecting a letter of a kind to let me know not what is going on, but what will be going on_. #quid prōfēcerim faciās mē velim certiōrem#, _Fam._ 7, 10, 3, _how far I have succeeded I wish you would let me know_. (_b._) #quālis esset nātūra montis quī cōgnōscerent mīsit#, 1, 21, 1, _he sent some scouts to find out what the character of the mountain was_. #quid mē prohibēret Epicūrēum esse, sī probārem quae dīceret#, _Fin._ 1, 27, _what would prevent me from being an Epicurean, if I accepted what he said?_ #quae sī bis bīna quot essent didicisset Epicūrus, certē nōn dīceret#, _DN._ 2, 49, _Epicurus would certainly not say this, if he had ever been taught how much twice two is_ (1748).

1763. An imperfect subjunctive of action non-occurrent at the present time has occasionally the present sequence: as, #mīrārēris, sī interessēs, quā patientiā valētūdinem toleret#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 22, 7, _you would be amazed to find, if you were with him, with what dogged endurance he bears up under his illness_. But the secondary sequence is far more common.

1764. (1.) The perfect subjunctive in independent main sentences of prohibition (1551) or of action conceivable (1558) is regarded as a primary tense: as,

#nē dubitārīs quīn id mihī̆ futūrum sit antīquius#, _Att._ 7, 3, 2, _don’t entertain any doubt that this course will be preferable in my eyes_. #quid nōn sit citius quam quid sit dīxerim#, _DN._ 1, 60, _I could sooner tell what is not, than what is_.

1765. (2.) In subordinate sentences, the perfect subjunctive has the main sequence when it represents the indicative perfect definite, and the secondary when it represents the indicative historical perfect or the imperfect: as,

(_a._) #nēmō ferē vestrūm est, quīn, quem ad modum captae sint Syrācūsae saepe audierit#, _V._ 4, 115, _there is hardly a man of your number but has heard over and over again how Syracuse was taken_. (_b._) #quā rē acciderit ut id suspicārēre quod scrībis nesciō#, _Fam._ 2, 16, 1, _how it came to pass that you suspected what you write, I can’t imagine_.

TENSE SUBORDINATE TO A NOUN OF THE VERB.

1766. (1.) A subjunctive subordinate to one of the nouns of the verb, except the perfect infinitive or the perfect participle, follows the sequence of the verb: as,

#dēsinō quaerere cūr ēmerīs#, _V._ 4, 10, _I cease to ask why you bought_. #nēminem tam āmentem fore putāvērunt, ut emeret argentum#, _V._ 4, 9, _they did not dream anybody would be crazy enough to buy plate_. #secūrī percussī, adeō torpentibus metū quī aderant, ut nē gemitus quidem exaudīrētur#, L. 28, 29, 11, _they were beheaded, everybody there being so completely paralyzed with fear that not even a groan could be heard_. #Q. Fabius Pīctor Delphōs missus est scīscitātum, quibus precibus deōs possent plācāre#, L. 22, 57, 5, _Fabius Pictor was sent to Delphi to find out by what sort of prayers they could get the ear of the gods_. #cupīdō incessit animōs iuvenum scīscitandī ad quem eōrum rēgnum esset ventūrum#, L. 1, 56, 10, _the youths were possessed with a desire to find out to which one of their number the throne was to fall_.

1767. (2.) With a perfect infinitive or perfect participle, the subordinate subjunctive may be in the imperfect or pluperfect, even with a primary leading verb: as,

#satis mihī̆ multa verba fēcisse videor, quā rē esset hoc bellum necessārium#, _IP._ 27, _I fancy I have said enough to show why this war is unavoidable_. #hunc istī aiunt, cum taurum immolāvisset, mortuum concidisse#, _Br._ 43, _your gentlemen say that this man, after sacrificing a bull, tumbled down dead_. #viātor bene vestītus causa grassātōrī fuisse dīcētur cūr ab eō spoliārētur#, _Fat._ 34, _a well-dressed traveller will be said to have been a temptation for a footpad to rob him_. #versābor in rē saepe quaesītā, suffrāgia clam an palam ferre melius esset#, _Leg._ 3, 33, _I shall be working on a question that has often been put, whether it was better to vote secretly or openly_.

1768. The sequence with a perfect infinitive is, however, often primary: as, #hīc sī fīnem faciam dīcendī, satis iūdicī fēcisse videar cūr secundum Rōscium iūdicārī dēbeat#, _RC._ 14, _if I should stop speaking here, I should feel I had made it plain enough to the court why a judgement should be rendered for Roscius_.

1769. The secondary sequence is used with #meminī#, _remember_, even when it has the present infinitive (2220): as, #L. Metellum meminī ita bonīs esse vīribus extrēmō tempore aetātis, ut adulēscentiam nōn requīreret#, _CM._ 30, _I can remember Metellus’s being so good and strong in the very last part of his life that he did not feel the want of youth_.

1770. Sentences with a subjunctive due to another subjunctive or to an infinitive are put as follows:

1771. (1.) Sentences of relative time express contemporaneous, antecedent, and subsequent action like corresponding indicative sentences, with the appropriate sequence: as,

#vereor, nē, dum minuere velim labōrem, augeam#, _Leg._ 1, 12, _I am afraid that while I wish to make the work less, I may make it more_. #crocodīlōs dīcunt, cum in terrā partum ēdiderint, obruere ōva#, _DN._ 2, 129, _they say that the crocodile, after laying on land, buries her eggs_. #dīcēbam quoad metuerēs, omnia tē prōmissūrum: simul ac timēre desīssēs, similem tē futūrum tuī#, _Ph._ 2, 89, _I said that as long as you were afraid, you would promise everything; the moment you ceased to fear, you would be just like yourself_. #cōnstituērunt ea, quae ad proficīscendum pertinērent, comparāre#, 1, 3, 1, _they resolved to get such things ready as were necessary for the march_. #erat scrīptum: nisi domum reverterētur, sē capitis eum damnātūrōs#, N. 4, 3, 4, _it stood written that, if he did not come back home, they would condemn him to death_ (direct form #nisi revertēris, damnābimus#). #lēgātī vēnērunt, quī sē ea, quae imperāsset, factūrōs pollicērentur#, 4, 22, 1, _some envoys came, to engage to do what he ordered_ (direct form #quae imperāris, faciēmus#). #Venetī cōnfīdēbant Rōmānōs neque ūllam facultātem habēre nāvium, neque eōrum locōrum ubī̆ bellum gestūrī essent portūs nōvisse#, 3, 19, 6, _the Venetans felt assured that the Romans had not any proper supply of ships, and were not acquainted with the ports in the places where they were to fight_.

1772. (2.) Sentences with independent time retain the independent time in the subjunctive in primary sequence (1744); in secondary sequence the present becomes imperfect, and the perfect becomes pluperfect: as,

(_a._) #quamquam opīniō est, eum quī multīs annīs ante hōs fuerit, Pīsistratum, multum valuisse dīcendō#, _Br._ 27, _though there is an impression that the man who lived years and years before these people, Pisistratus, was a very telling orator_ (direct form, #quī fuit#, 1738). #dīcitur, posteā quam vēnerit, paucīs diēbus esse mortuus#, _Clu._ 175, _he is said to have died a few days after he came_ (1739). (_b._) #cōgnōvit Suēbōs, posteā quam pontem fierī comperissent, nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsisse#, 4, 19, 2, _he ascertained that after the Suebans had learned of the building of the bridge, they had sent out messengers in every direction_.

THE INDIRECT QUESTION.

1773. The subjunctive is used in indirect questions or exclamations.

Thus, when the direct question, #quī scīs#, _how do you know?_ is subordinated to a main sentence, such as #quaerō#, _I ask_, the #scīs# becomes #sciās#: #quaerō quī sciās#, _RA._ 59, _I ask how you know_. Questions or exclamations thus subordinated are called _Indirect_ (1723). In English, indirect questions are usually characterized simply by the position of the words, the subject standing before the verb.

1774. The indirect question is one of the commonest of constructions. It depends on verbs or expressions meaning not only _ask_, but also _tell_, _inform_, _ascertain_, _see_, _hear_, _know_, _consider_, _deliberate_, _doubt_, _wonder_, _fear_, &c., &c.

YES OR NO QUESTIONS.

1775. Indirect Yes or No questions are introduced by the same interrogative particles that are used in direct questions (1503). But in indirect questions, #num# and #-ne# are used without any essential difference, in the sense of _whether_, _if_. #nōnne# is used thus only by Cicero, and by him only with #quaerō#: as,

#quaeris num disertus sit?# _Planc._ 62, _do you ask whether he is a good speaker?_ #quaesīvī cōgnōsceretne sīgnum#, _C._ 3, 10, _I asked if he recognized the seal_. #quaerō nōnne tibī̆ faciendum idem sit#, _Fin._ 3, 13, _I ask whether you ought not to do the same_. #vidēte num dubitandum vōbīs sit#, _IP._ 19, _consider whether you ought to have any hesitation_.

1776. The combinations #-ne . . . -ne#, and #an . . . an#, introducing two separate questions, are rare; #-ne . . . -ne# is mostly confined to poetry. In a few instances such questions can hardly be distinguished from alternatives.

1777. A conditional protasis with #sī#, _if_, _to see if_, or #sī forte#, _if perchance_, sometimes takes the place of an indirect question in expressions or implications of trial, hope, or expectation: as, #ībō, vīsam sī domīst#, T. _Hau._ 170, _I’ll go and see if he’s at home_. Usually with the subjunctive: as, #exspectābam, sī quid scrīberēs#, _Att._ 16, 2. 4, _I was waiting to see whether you would write anything_. #circumfunduntur hostēs, sī quem aditum reperīre possent#, 6, 37, 4, _the enemy came streaming round, to see if they could find any way of getting in_.

ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS.

1778. Indirect alternative questions are introduced like direct questions (1519). But when the second member is negative, it has oftener #necne# than #an nōn#: as,

#hoc quaerāmus, vērum sit an falsum#, _Clu._ 124, _let us ask this question, whether it is true or false_. #quaesīvī ā Catilīnā in conventū fuisset, necne#, _C._ 2, 13, _I asked Catiline whether he had been at the meeting or not_. #permultum interest utrum perturbātiōne animī, an cōnsultō fīat iniūria#, _Off._ 1, 27, _it makes a vast difference whether wrong be done in heat of passion, or with deliberate intent_. #quaerō, eum Brūtīne similem mālīs an Antōniī#, _Ph._ 10, 5, _I ask whether you would rather have him like Brutus or like Antony_.

1779. An introductory #utrum# preceding an alternative question with #-ne# and #an# occurs a few times in Plautus and Cicero; #utrumne . . . an# occurs once in Cicero, and twice in Horace and Tacitus each; compare 1522. After #utrum#, a second alternative is sometimes suppressed, as in the direct question (1523).

1780. #-ne# in the second member only of an alternative question is rare, and not used by Caesar or Sallust: as, #sine sciam captīva māterne sim#, L. 2, 40, 5, _let me know whether I am a captive or a mother_.

1781. (1.) A few times in Plautus and Terence, the second member only of an alternative question is expressed with #quī sciō an?# or #quī scīs an?# equivalent to _perhaps_: as, #quī scīs an quae iubeam faciat?# T. _Eu._ 790, _perhaps she’ll do as I direct_. Horace has once #quī scīs an#, _AP._ 462, in the sense of _perhaps_, and once #quis scit an#, 4, 7, 17, in the sense of _perhaps not_.

1782. (2.) The second member only of an alternative question is often expressed after #haud sciō an#, _I don’t know but_, _possibly_, _perhaps_, with #nōn#; #nēmō#, #nūllus#, &c., if the sentence is negative: as,

#haud sciō an fierī possit#, _V._ 3, 162, _I don’t know but it is possible_. Similarly, though not often, with #nesciō an#, #haud sciam an#, #dubitō an#, #dubitārim an#, #dubium an#, #incertum an#, &c.: as, #ēloquentiā nesciō an habuisset parem nēminem#, _Br._ 126, _in oratory I fancy he would have had no peer_. This use, in which #haud sciō an# becomes adverbial, and the subjunctive approaches closely that of modest assertion, is principally confined to Cicero. In later Latin, #haud sciō an#, &c., sometimes has a negative sense, _I don’t know whether_, with #ūllus#, &c.

1783. From Curtius on, #an# is used quite like #num# or #-ne#, in a single indirect question, without implication of alternatives.

1784. Two alternatives are rarely used without any interrogative

## particles at all: as, #velit nōlit scīre difficile est#, _QFr._ 3, 8, 4,

_will he nill he, it is hard to know_, i.e. whether he will or not. Compare 1518.

[Errata: 1778 ... _Off._ 1, 27 . invisible 1782 ... #ēloquentiā nesciō an habuisset parem nēminem#, . for ,]

PRONOUN QUESTIONS.

1785. Indirect pronoun questions are introduced by the same pronominal words that are used in direct pronoun questions (1526): as,