Part 7

229. #-ē-lā-#, N. #-ē-la# (202): #suādē-lā-#, N. #suādē-la#, _persuasion_ (#suādē-rē#): #loqu-ēla#, _talk_ (√#loqu-#, _talk_); #quer-ēla# or #quer-ēlla#, _complaint_ (√#ques-#, _complain_). Some words are concrete: #candē-la#, _candle_ (#candē-re#).

230. #-tē-lā-#, N. #-tē-la-#: #conrup-tēlā-#, N. #conrup-tēla#, _a seduction_ (#com-#, √#rup-#, _spoil_, _ruin_); #tū-tēla#, _protection_ (√#tū-#, _watch_, _protect_).

(5.) #-mā-# (N. #-ma#), #-nā-# (N. #-na#); #-trī-nā-# (N. #-trī-na#).

231. #-mā-# and #-nā-# are rare, and denote result or something concrete. #-mā-#, N. #-ma#: #fā-mā-#, N. #fā-ma#, _tale_ (√#fā-#, _tell_); #-nā#, N. #-na#: #ur-na#, _pitcher_ (√#urc-# in #urc-eus#, _pitcher_, 170, 3); with original suffix #-sna# (170, 2): #lū-na#, _moon_ (√#lūc-#, _light_); #scāla#, _stairs_ (√#scand-#, _mount_).

232. #-inā-#, N. #-ina#: #ang-inā-#, N. #ang-ina#, _choking_ (√#ang-#, _choke_); #pāg-ina#, _page_ (√#pāg-#, _fasten_); #sarc-ina#, _package_ (√#sarc-#, _patch_). #-īnā-#, N. #-īna# (202): #ru-īnā-#, N. #ru-īna#, _downfall_ (√#ru-#, _tumble_); #-īnā-# is very common in denominatives: #pisc-īna#, _fish-pond_ (#pisci-#).

233. #-trī-nā-#, N. #-trī-na#, akin to the agent in #-tōr-#: #doc-trīnā-#, N. #doc-trīna#, _teaching_, either _the act of teaching_ or _what is taught_ (√#doc-#, _teach_); #sū-trīna#, _shoemaking_, _shoemaker’s trade_, _shoemaker’s shop_ (√#sū-#, _sew_).

(6.) #-tā-# or #-sā-# (N. #-ta# or #-sa#); #-tu-# or #-su-# (N. #-tu-s# or #-su-s#).

234. #-tā-#, N. #-ta#, or #-sā-#, N. #-sa# (159), is rare, and sometimes denotes result, or something concrete: as, #no-tā-#, N. #no-ta#, _mark_ (√#gno-#, _know_); #por-ta# (_passage_), _gate_ (√#por-#, _fare_); #fos-sa#, _ditch_ (√#fod-#, _dig_); #repul-sa#, _repulse_ (#re-#, √#pol-#, _push_); #offēn-sa#, _offence_ (#ob#, √#fend-#, _strike_).

235. #-tu-#, N. #-tu-s#, or #-su-#, N. #-su-s# (159, 202), denotes the

## action and its results: #ques-tu-#, N. #ques-tu-s#, _complaint_

(√#ques-#, _complain_); #gem-itus#, _groan_ (√#gem-#, _groan_). Stems in #-ā-tu-#, N. #-ā-tu-s#, sometimes denote office or officials: #cōnsul-ātu-#, N. #cōnsul-ātu-s#, _being consul_, _consulship_ (#cōnsul-#); #sen-ātu-s#, _senate_ (#sen-#). #-tu-# is seldom passive: #vī-su-s#, active, _sight_, passive, _looks_ (√#vīd-#, _see_); #apparā-tu-s#, _preparation_, either _a getting ready_, or _what is got ready_ (#apparā-re#). The supine (2269) is the accusative or ablative of substantives in #-tu-# (#-su-#). Most words in #-tu-# (#-su-#) are defective in case, and are chiefly used in the ablative (430).

[Erratum: 234 ... as, #no-tā-#, N. #no-ta#, _mark_ #no tā-# with invisible hyphen]

(7.) #-er-# for #-es-# (N. #-us#); #-ōr-# (N. #-or#).

236. Neuter stems in #-er-# (for #-es-#), or in #-or-# (for #-os-#), N. #-us#, denote result, or have a concrete meaning: #gen-er-#, N. #gen-us#, _birth_, _race_ (√#gen-#, _beget_); #op-er-#, N. #op-us#, _work_ (√#op-#, _work_); #frīg-or-#, N. #frīg-us#, _cold_ (√#frīg-#, _cold_). #-ēs# with lengthened #ē# is sometimes used in the nominative of gender words: as, #nūb-ēs#, _cloud_ (√#nūb-#, _veil_); #sēd-ēs#, _seat_ (√#sēd-#); #vāt-ēs#, _bard_. #-n-er-#, #-n-or-#, N. #-n-us#: #vol-ner-#, N. #vol-nus#, _wound_ (√#vol-#, _tear_); #fac-inor-#, N. #fac-inus#, _deed_ (√#fac-#, _do_, 202).

237. #-ōr-# (for an older form #-ōs-#, 154), N. #-ōs#, commonly #-or#, masculine, denotes a state. Many substantives in #-ōr-# have a parallel verb, usually in #-ēre# (368), and an adjective in #-ido-# (287).

#od-ōr-#, N. #od-ōs# or #od-or#, _smell_ (√#od-#, _smell_, cf. #olē-re#); #pall-or#, _paleness_ (cf. #pallē-re#); #cal-or#, _warmth_ (cf. #calē-re#); #ūm-or#, _moisture_ (cf. #ūmē-re#); #am-or#, _love_ (cf. #amā-re#); #ang-or#, _choking_, _anguish_ (√#ang-#, _choke_).

[Erratum: 237 ... #od-ōr-#, N. #od-ōs# or #od-or#, _smell_ #od-ōr-# N.]

III. THE INSTRUMENT OR MEANS.

238. The suffixes #-men-to-#, #-tro-#, #-cro-# or #-culo-#, #-lo-#, #-bro-# or #-bulo-#, are used to denote the _Instrument_ or _Means_: as,

STEM. NOMINATIVE. FROM.

ōrnā-mento- ōrnāmentum, _embellishment_ ōrnā-re, _embellish_ arā-tro- arātrum, _plough_ arā-re, _plough_ pō-culo- pōculum, _drinking-cup_ √+pō-+, _drink_ pā-bulo- pābulum, _fodder_ √+pā-+, _feed_

239. #-men-to-#, N. #-men-tu-m# (202), is one of the commonest suffixes; it sometimes denotes result of action, rarely action itself.

#pig-mento-#, N. #pig-mentu-m#, _paint_ (√#pīg-#, _paint_); #experī-mentu-m#, _test_ (#experī-rī#); #ōrnā-mentu-m#, _ornament_ (#ōrnā-re#); #frag-mentu-m#, _fragment_ (√#frag-#, _break_); #cae-mentu-m#, _quarried stone_ (√#caed-#, _cut_); #incrē-mentu-m#, _growth_ (#in#, √#crē-#, _grow_); #al-imentu-m#, _nourishment_ (√#al-#, _nurture_); #doc-umentu-m#, _lesson_ (√#doc-#, _teach_). See also #-min-# (224). #-men-tā-#, N. #-men-ta#, F., is rare: #ful-menta#, _prop_ (√#fulc-#, _prop_); #rā-menta#, _scraping_ (√#rād-#, _scrape_).

240. #-tro-#, N. #-tru-m# (202): #arā-tro-#, N. #arā-tru-m#, _plough_ (#arā-re#); #fer-etru-m#, _bier_ (√#fer-#, _bear_); #rōs-tru-m#, _beak_ (√#rōd-#, _peck_). Sometimes #-stro-#: #mōn-stru-m#, _warning_ (√#mon-#, _mind_); #lu-stra#, plural, _fen_, _jungle_ (√#lu-#, _wash_); #lū-stru-m#, _purification_ (√#lou-#, _wash_). #-trā-#, N. #-tra#, F.: #mulc-trā-#, N. #mulc-tra# (also #mulc-tru-m#, Ne.), _milking-pail_ (√#mulg-#, _milk_). #-es-trā-#: #fen-estra#, _window_.

241. #-cro-#, N. #-cru-m#, used when an #l# precedes: #ful-cro-#, N. #ful-cru-m#, _couch-leg_ (√#fulc-#, _prop_). #-cro-# sometimes denotes the place where: #ambulā-cru-m#, _promenade_ (#ambulā-re#); sometimes the effect: #simulā-cru-m#, _likeness_ (#simulā-re#).

242. #-culo-#, N. #-culu-m# (202): #pō-culo-#, N. #pō-culu-m#, _cup_ (√#pō-#, _drink_); #fer-culu-m#, _tray_ (√#fer-#, _bear_). #-culo-# sometimes denotes the place where: #cub-iculu-m#, _sleeping-room_ (√#cub-#, _lie_); #cēnā-culu-m#, originally _dining-room_, usually _garret_ (#cēnā-re#).

243. #-u-lo-#, N. #-u-lu-m-# (202): chiefly after #c# or #g#: #vinc-ulo-#, N. #vinc-ulu-m#, _bond_ (√#vinc-#, _bind_); #cing-ulu-m#, _girdle_ (√#cing-#, _gird_). #-u-lā-#, N. #-u-la#, F., #rēg-ula#, _rule_ (√#rēg-#, _guide_).

244. #-bro-#, N. #-bru-m# (202): #crī-bro-#, N. #crī-bru-m#, _sieve_ (√#cer-#, #crī-#, _sift_); #lā-bru-m#, _wash-basin_ (√#lav-#, _wash_). #-brā-#, N. #-bra#, F.: #dolā-bra#, _chisel_, _mattock_ (#dolā-re#); #late-bra#, _hiding-place_ (√#lat-#, _hide_).

245. #-bulo-#, N. #-bulu-m# (202): #pā-bulo-#, N. #pā-bulu-m#, _fodder_ (√#pā-#, _keep_); #vēnā-bulu-m#, _hunting-spear_ (#vēnā-rī#); #pat-ibulu-m#, _pillory_ (√#pat-#, _stretch_). #-bulo-# sometimes denotes the place where: #sta-bulu-m#, _standing-place_, _stall_ (√#sta-#, _stand_). #-bulā-#, N. #-bula#, F., rare: #sū-bula#, _awl_ (√#su-#, _sew_); #ta-bula#, _board_ (√#ta-#, _stretch_); #fā-bula#, _talk_ (√#fā-#, _talk_).

(B.) DENOMINATIVES.

I. THE QUALITY.

246. The suffixes #-io-#, #-iā-#; #-tā-#, #-tāt-#, #-tūt-#, #-tū-din-#, are used to denote the _Quality_: as,

STEM. NOMINATIVE. FROM.

conlēg-io- conlēgium, _colleagueship_ conlēgā-, N. conlēga, _colleague_ audāc-iā- audācia, _boldness_ audāci-, N. audāx, _bold_ cīvi-tāt- cīvitās, _citizenship_ cīvi-, N. cīvis, _citizen_ magni-tūdin- magnitūdō, _greatness_ magno-, N. magnus, _great_

247. These abstracts are feminine, and come chiefly from adjectives or

## participles, except those in #-io-#, which are neuters, and come mostly

from substantives. Sometimes the same stem takes two or more of these suffixes: as, #clāri-tāt-# or #clāri-tūdin-#, _brightness_ (#clāro-#); #iuven-tūt-#, in poetry #iuven-tāt-# or #iuven-tā-#, _youth_ (#iuven-#).

(1.) #-io-# (N. #-iu-m#), #-iā-# (N. #-ia#), #-iē-# (N. #-iēs#).

248. #-iē-# sometimes occurs as collateral form to #-iā-# (604); #-io-# or #-iā-# is sometimes attached to other suffixes: thus, #-t-io-#, #-t-iā-# (#-t-iē-#); #-mōn-io-#, #-mōn-iā-#; #-cin-io-#.

249. #-io-#, N. #-iu-m#, chiefly used in compounds, denotes _belonging to_, with a very wide range of meaning; many of these words are clearly neuter adjectives in #-io-# (305). Suffixed to personal names #-io-# often denotes the condition, action, or employment, which gives rise to the name; this meaning sometimes passes over to that of result, relation of persons, collection of persons, or place.

250. (_a._) From simple noun stems: #sen-io-#, N. #sen-iu-m#, _feeble old age_ (#sen-#); #somn-iu-m#, _dream_ (#somno-#); #sāv-iu-m#, _love-kiss_ (#suāvi-#); #silent-iu-m#, _silence_ (#silenti-#); #crepund-ia#, plural, _rattle_ (#*crepundo-#); #mendāc-iu-m#, _lie_ (#mendāci-#); #sōlāc-iu-m#, _comfort_ (#*sōlāci-#, _comforting_).

251. (_b._) Direct compounds (377): #aequinoct-iu-m#, _equinox_ (#aequo-#, #nocti-#); #contubern-iu-m#, _companionship_ (#com-#, #tabernā-#); #prīvilēg-iu-m#, _special enactment_ (#prīvo-#, #lēg-#).

252. (_c._) Indirect compounds (377), chiefly from personal names: #cōnsil-iu-m#, _deliberating together_, _faculty of deliberation_, _conclusion_, _advice_, _deliberative body_ (#cōnsul-#); #auspic-iu-m#, _taking auspices_, _auspices taken_ (#auspic-#); #rēmig-iu-m#, _rowing_, _oars_, _oarsmen_ (#rēmig-#); #conlēg-iu-m#, _colleagueship_, _corporation_ (#conlēgā-#); #aedific-iu-m#, _building_ (#*aedific-#, _builder_); #perfug-iu-m#, _asylum_ (#perfugā-#).

253. #-t-io-# N. #-t-iu-m#, rare: #servi-tio-#, N. #servi-tiu-m#, _slavery_, _slaves_ (#servo-#); #calvi-tiu-m#, _baldness_ (#calvo-#).

254. #-mōn-io-#, N. #-mōn-iu-m# (202): #testi-mōnio-#, N. #testi-mōniu-m#, _evidence_ (#testi-#); #mātr-imōniu-m#, _marriage_ (#mātr-#); #patr-imōniu-m#, _patrimony_ (#patr-#).

255. #-cin-io-#, N. #-cin-iu-m#, rare: #latrō-cinio-#, N. #latrō-ciniu-m#, _robbery_ (#latrōn-#); #patrō-ciniu-m#, _protection_ (#patrōno-#).

256. #-iā-#, N. #-ia#, is very common indeed, forming abstracts from nouns, mostly adjectives or present participles.

#audāc-iā-#, N. #audāc-ia#, _boldness_ (#audāci-#); #miser-ia#, _wretchedness_ (#misero-#); #abundant-ia#, _plenty_ (#abundanti-#); #scient-ia#, _knowledge_ (#scienti-#); #mīlit-ia#, _warfare_ (#mīlit-#); #victōr-ia#, _victory_ (#victōr-#); #māter-ia#, _timber_ (#māter-#); #custōd-ia#, _guard_ (#custōd-#).

257. #-iē-#, N. #-iē-s#: #pauper-iē-#, N. #pauper-iē-s#, _moderate means_ (#pauper-#). Most stems in #-iē-# are primitive (222).

258. #-t-iā-#, N. #-t-ia#, is suffixed to a few adjective stems, chiefly in #-o-#: #iūsti-tiā-#, N. #iūsti-tia#, _justice_ (#iūsto-#); #mali-tia#, _wickedness_ (#malo-#); #pudīci-tia#, _shamefastness_ (#pudīco-#); #trīsti-tia#, _sadness_ (#trīsti-#).

259. #-t-iē-#, N. #-t-iē-s#, particularly as a collateral form of #-t-iā-# in the N., Ac., and Ab. singular (604): #molli-tiē-#, N. #molli-tiē-s#, _softness_ (#molli-#).

260. #-mōn-iā-#, N. #-mōn-ia# (202): #ācri-mōniā-#, N. #ācri-mōnia#, _sharpness_ (#ācri-#); #parsi-mōnia#, _economy_ (#parso-#). Analogously from roots, #quer-imōnia#, _complaint_ (√#ques-#, _complain_); #al-imōnia#, _nurture_ (√#al-#, _nurture_).

(2.) #-tā-# (N. #-ta#), #-tāt-# (N. #-tā-s#), #-tūt-# (N. #-tū-s#), #-tū-din-# (N. #-tū-dō#).

261. #-tā-#, N. #-ta#: chiefly poetic: #iuven-tā-#, N. #iuven-ta#, _youth_ (#iuven-#); #senec-ta#, _age_ (#sen-ec-#).

262. #-tāt-#, N. #-tā-s# (202), is one of the very commonest suffixes.

#pie-tāt-#, N. #pie-tā-s#, _dutifulness_ (#pio-#, 105); #fēlīci-tā-s#, _happiness_ (#fēlīci-#); #cīvi-tā-s#, _citizenship_, _the community_ (#cīvi-#); #facili-tā-s#, _easiness_, #facul-tā-s#, _ability_ (#facili-#); #cāri-tā-s#, _dearness_ (#cāro-#); #auctōr-itā-s#, _authority_ (#auctōr-#); #līber-tā-s#, _freedom_ (#lībro-#, 111, _b_); #maies-tā-s#, _grandeur_ (#maiōs-#); #volun-tā-s#, _wish_ (#*volunti-#, 179); #venus-tā-s#, _grace_ (#venusto-#, 179); #ae-tā-s#, _age_ (#aevo-#, 111, _a_); #tempes-tā-s#, _kind of time_, _weather_ (#tempes-#).

263. #-tūt-#, N. #-tū-s#, only in #iuven-tūt-#, N. #iuven-tū-s#, _youth_ (#iuven-#), #senec-tū-s#, _age_ (#senec-#), #servi-tū-s#, _slavery_ (#servo-#), and #vir-tū-s#, _manhood_ (#viro-#, 111).

264. #-tū-din-#, N. #-tū-dō#, suffixed to adjective stems: #magni-tūdin-#, N. #magni-tūdō#, _greatness_ (#magno-#); #forti-túdō#, _courage_ (#forti-#); and to a few participles: #cōnsuē-tūdō#, _custom_ (#cōnsuēto-#, 179); #sollici-tūdō#, _anxiety_ (#sollicito-#); analogously #valē-tūdō#, _health_ (#*valēto-#, #valēre#).

II. THE PERSON CONCERNED.

265. The suffixes #-ārio-#, #-ōn-#, #-iōn-#, #-li-#, #-no-#, and some others, are used to denote the _Person concerned_ or _occupied_ with a thing: as,

STEM. NOMINATIVE. FROM.

sīc-ārio- sīcārius, _assassin_ sīcā-, N. sīca, _dagger_ āle-ōn- āleō, _gambler_ āleā-, N. ālea, _die_ lūd-iōn- lūdiō, _player_ lūdo-, N. lūdus, _play_ aedī-li- aedīlis, _aedile_ aedi-, N. aedis, _house_ tribū-no- tribūnus, _tribune_ tribu-, N tribus, _tribe_

III. THE PLACE.

266. Neuters with the suffixes #-tōrio-#, #-ārio-#, #-īli-#, #-to-#, or #-ēto-# are often used to denote the _Place_: as,

STEM. NOMINATIVE. FROM.

audī-tōrio- audī-tōrium, _lecture-room_ audītōr-, N. audītor, _hearer_ aer-ārio- aerārium, _treasury_ aer-, N. aes, _money_ ov-īli- ovīle, _sheepfold_ ovi-, N. ovis, _sheep_ murt-ēto- murtēta, _myrtlegroves_ murto-, N. murtus, _myrtle_

IV. DIMINUTIVES.

267. The suffixes #-lo-#, #-lā-#, or #-cu-lo-#, #-cu-lā-#, are used to form substantives with a _Diminutive_ meaning. Diminutives may denote:

268. (1.) Actual smallness: as, #secūricula#, _a little hatchet_; #ventulus#, _a bit of wind_; #spēcula#, _a ray of hope_.

269. (2.) Imputed smallness: implying, (_a._) admiration, affection, or compassion; (_b._) contempt or irony. This diminutive, which usually serves to add point to sentences themselves of a playful, patronizing, or slurring character, is very hard to translate; _little_ and _small_ are often inadequate; _old_ or _poor_ will sometimes do; but usually recourse must be had to free translations adapted to the particular context: as,

#ōrātiuncula#, _a gem of a speech_, _an attempt at a speech_; #mātercula#, _an anxious mother_, _poor mamma_, _dear mamma_; #lectulus#, _one’s own little bed_; #ānellus aureolus#, _a gay gold ring_; #Graeculī#, _our Greek cousins_, _the good people in Greece_; #Graeculus#, _a regular Greek_, _your gentleman from Greece_; #muliercula#, _a pretty girl_, _a lady gay_, _one of the gentler sex_, _a mere woman_, _an unprotected female_, _a maiden all forlorn_; #lacrimula#, _a wee tear_, _a crocodile tear_; #volpēcula#, _Master Reynard_, _dan Russel_; #tōnstrīcula#, _a common barber girl_; #popellus#, _rabble_; #nummulī#, _filthy lucre_; #mercēdula#, _an apology for pay_; #ratiuncula#, _a first rate reason_; #caupōnula#, _a low tavern_.

270. Some diminutives have entirely lost the diminutive meaning: as, #puella#, _girl_, not necessarily _little girl_; others have changed their original meaning: as, #avunculus#, _uncle_, originally _grandpapa_; #anguīlla#, _eel_, originally _little snake_. Some words are only found in the diminutive form: as, #stēlla#, _star_ (#*ster-#). Diminutives usually have the gender of their primitives; exceptions are rare: as, #rāna#, _frog_, #F.#, #rānunculus#, _tadpole_, #M.#

[Erratum: 270 ... #F.# ... #M.# anomalous boldface in original]

(1.) #-lo-# (N., M. #-lu-s#, Ne. #-lu-m#), #-lā-# (N. #-la#).

271. Stems in #-o-#, #-ā-#, or a mute (#-g-#, #-c-#, #-d-#, or #-t-#), take #-lo-# or #-lā-#, which is usually preceded by #-u-# (202).

#hortu-lo-#, N. #hortu-lu-s#, _little garden_ (#horto-#); #oppidu-lu-m#, _hamlet_ (#oppido-#); #serru-lā-#, N. #serru-la#, _little saw_ (#serrā-#); #rēg-ulu-s#, _chieftain_ (#rēg-#); #vōc-ula#, _a bit of a voice_ (#vōc-#); #calc-ulu-s#, _pebble_ (#calci-#); #nepōt-ulu-s#, _a grandson dear_ (#nepōt-#); #aetāt-ula#, _tender age_ (#aetāt-#).

272. Stems in #-eo-#, #-io-#, or #-vo-#, retain #-o-# before #-lo-#; stems in #-eā-#, #-iā-#, or #-vā-#, also have #-o-# before #-lā-#.

#alveo-lo-#, N. #alveo-lu-s#, _little tray_ (#alveo-#); #gladio-lu-s#, _little sword_ (#gladio-#); #servo-lu-s#, _little slave_ (#servo-#); #nauseo-lā-#, N. #nauseo-la#, _a slight squeamishness_ (#nauseā-#); #bēstio-la#, _little animal_ (#bēstiā-#); #fīlio-la#, _little daughter_ (#fīliā-#).

273. Stems in #-lo-#, #-ro-#, #-no-#, and #-lā-#, #-rā-#, #-nā-#, commonly drop the stem vowel and assimilate #-r-# or #-n-# to #-l-#: thus: #-el-lo-#, #-el-lā-# (111, _b_; 166, 6, 7).

#catel-lo-#, for #*catululo-#, N. #catel-lu-s#, _puppy_ (#catulo-#); #agel-lu-s#, _little field_ (#agro-#); #asel-lu-s#, _donkey_ (#asino-#); #fābel-lā-#, N. #fābel-la#, _short story_ (#fābulā-#); #umbel-la#, _sunshade_ (#umbrā-#); #pāgel-la#, _short page_ (#pāginā-#). A few words are not thus changed: #pueru-lo-#, N. #pueru-lu-s#, _poor boy_ (#puero-#), as well as #puel-lu-s#.

274. Another vowel than #e# (172, 3) appears in: #Hispāl-lu-s# (#Hispāno-#), #Messāl-la# (#Messānā-#), proper names; #corōl-la#, _chaplet_ (#corōnā-#); #ūl-lu-s#, _the least one_, _any at all_ (#ūno-#); #Sūl-la# (#Sūrā-#), proper name; #lapil-lu-s#, for #*lapid-lu-s#, _pebble_ (#lapid-#). Also #homul-lu-s#, _son of the dust_ (#homon-#).

[Erratum: 273 ... #-el-lo-#, #-el-lā-# (111, _b_; 166, 6, 7). 111; _b_;]

(2.) #-cu-lo-# (N., M. #-cu-lu-s#, Ne. #-cu-lu-m#), #-cu-lā-# (N. #-cu-la#).

275. Stems in a continuous sound (#-l-#, #-n-#, #-r-#, or #-s-#), or in #-i-#, #-u-#, or #-ē-#, usually take #-cu-lo-# or #-cu-lā-#.

#sermūn-culo-#, N. #sermūn-culu-s#, _small-talk_ (#sermōn-#); #virgun-culā-#, N. #virgun-cula#, _little maid_ (#virgon-#); #homun-culu-s#, _son of earth_ (#homon-#); #arbus-cula#, _tiny tree_ (#arbos-#); #cor-culu-m#, _heart of hearts_ (#cord-#, 170, 12); #igni-culu-s#, _spark_ (#igni-#); #ani-cula#, _grandam_ (#anu-#); #diē-cula#, _brief day_ (#diē-#); analogously, #volpē-cula# (_vixen_), _little fox_ (#*volpē-#). Rarely with #ī#: #canī-cula#, _little dog_ (#can-#).

276. #-un-culo-#, N. #-un-culu-s#: #av-unculo-#, N. #av-unculu-s#, _uncle_ (#avo-#); #rān-unculu-s#, _tadpole_ (#rānā-#). #-un-culā-#, N. #-un-cula#: #dom-unculā-#, N. #dom-uncula#, _little house_ (#domo-#).

277. Diminutives are sometimes formed from other diminutives: #cistel-lu-la#, _casket_ (#cistel-la#, #cistu-la#, #cistā-#).

278. A few other suffixes have a diminutive meaning: as, #-ciōn-#, #-leo-#, #-astro-#, #-ttā-#: #homun-ciō#, _manikin_, _child of dust_ (#homon-#); #acu-leu-s#, _sting_ (#acu-#); #Antōni-aster#, _regular little Antony_; #pīn-aster#, _bastard pine_; #Iūli-tta#, _Juliet_ (#Iūliā-#); #Pōlli-tta#, _little Polla_ (#Pōllā-#).

V. PATRONYMICS.

279. Patronymics, or proper names which denote descent from a father or ancestor, have stems in #-dā-# (N. #-dē-s#), F. #-d-# (N. #-s#). These are chiefly Greek names used in poetry.

#Prīami-dā-#, N. #Prīami-dē-s#, _scion of Priam’s house_; #Tantali-d-#, N. #Tantali-s#, _daughter of Tantalus_. #Pēlī-dē-s# (#Pēleu-s#); #Aenea-dē-s# (#Aenēā-#); #Thestia-dē-s# (#Thestio-#); #Lāertia-dē-s# (#Lāertā-#); #Scīpia-dā-s# (#Scīpiōn-#). #F.# sometimes #-īnē# or #-ōnē#: #Neptūnīnē# (#Neptūno-#); #Acrisiōnē# (#Acrisio-#).

II. THE ADJECTIVE.

(A.) PRIMITIVES.

280. Primitive adjectives may usually be divided into active and passive; but the same suffix often has either an active or a passive meaning. Under primitive adjectives belong the participles; but these will be mentioned in connection with the verb.

I. WITH AN ACTIVE MEANING.

281. The suffixes #-o-#, #-uo-#, #-ci-#, #-lo-#, and #-do-#, are used to form adjectives with an _Active_ meaning: as,

STEM. NOMINATIVE. FROM.

vag-o- vagus, _wandering_ √+vag-+, _wander_ contig-uo- contiguus, _touching_ com-, √+tag-+, _touch_ minā-ci- mināx, _threatening_ minā-rī, _threaten_ cali-do- calidus, _warm_ √+cal-+, _warm_

(1.) #-o-# (N. #-u-s#); #-uo-# (N. #-uu-s#).

282. #-o-# (N. #-u-s#): such words express nature or capacity: #vag-o-#, N. #vag-u-s#, _roaming_ (√#vag-#, _roam_); #vīv-u-s#, _living_ (√#vīv-#, _live_); many are compounds: as, #male-dic-u-s#, _abusive_ (#male#, √#dic-#, _say_); #pro-fug-u-s#, _flying on_ (#prō-#, √#fug-#, _fly_). Passive: #fīd-u-s#, _trustworthy_ (√#fīd-#, _trust_).

283. #-uo-#, N. #-uu-s#: #adsid-uo-#, N. #adsid-uu-s#, _unremitting_ (#ad#, √#sed-#, _sit_); #contig-uu-s#, _touching_ (#com-#, √#tag-#, _touch_); #perpet-uu-s#, _uninterrupted_ (#per#, √#pet-#, _go_). Some words are passive: as, #sal-vu-s#, _safe_ (√#sal-#, _save_); #vac-uu-s#, _empty_ (√#vac-#, _empty_); #relic-uo-s#, _left behind_ (#re-#, √#liqu-#, _leave_), later #reliquos#, #relicus#, #reliquus# (157).

(2.) #-ci-# (N. #-x#); #-lo-# (N. #-lu-s#); #-do-# (N. #-du-s#).

284. #-ā-ci-#, N. #-ā-x# (202), denotes capacity, habit, or inclination, often implying censure: #pugnā-ci-#, N. #pugnā-x#, _full of fight_ (#pugnā-re#); #minā-x#, _threatening_ (#minā-ri#); #fer-āx#, _productive_ (√#fer-#, _bear_); #dic-āx#, _full of mother-wit_, _quick at a joke_ (√#dic-#, _say_); #rap-āx#, _apt to snatch_ (√#rap-#, _snatch_).

285. #-u-lo-#, N. #-u-lu-s# (202), denotes simple action: as, #pat-ulo-#, N. #pat-ulu-s#, _spreading_ (√#pat-#, _spread_); or inclination: as, #bib-ulu-s#, _apt to drink_ (√#bib-#, _drink_).

286. The suffixes #-undo-# (#-endo-#), #-bundo-#, and #-cundo-# form a group and are possibly related to the suffix in #-do-#.

287. #-do-#, N. #-du-s# (202), denotes a state, and usually has a parallel verb in #-ēre# (368): #cali-do-#, N. #cali-du-s# _warm_ (cf. #calē-re#); #calli-du-s#, _knowing_ (cf. #callē-re#); #niti-du-s#, _shining_ (cf. #nitē-re#); rarely in #-ere#: #cup-idu-s#, _desirous_ (cf. #cupe-re#); #flui-du-s#, _liquid_ (cf. #flue-re#); #rapi-du-s#, _hurried_ (cf. #rape-re#). #-i-do-# becomes #-i-di-# in #viri-di-s#, _green_ (cf. #virē-re#). #-do-# sometimes occurs in denominatives: #herbi-du-s#, _grassy_ (#herbā-#).

288. #-undo-# (#-endo-#), N. #-undu-s#, (#-endu-s#) is the suffix of the gerundive, which was originally neither active nor passive (2238). In a few words from reflexives, which have become adjectives, it has a reflexive or active meaning: #lāb-undo-#, N. #lāb-undu-s#, _gliding_, _slipping_ (#lābī#); #ori-undu-s#, _arising_ (#orīrī#); #sec-undu-s#, _following_ (#sequī#); #volv-endu-s#, _rolling_ (_volvī_). See 899.

289. #-bundo-#, N. #-bundu-s# (202), has the meaning of an exaggerated present participle: #freme-bundo-#, N. #freme-bundu-s#, _muttering away_ (√#frem-#, _roar_); #treme-bundu-s#, _all in a flutter_ (√#trem-#, _quiver_); #fur-ibundu-s#, _hot with rage_ (√#fur-#, _rave_); #cōntiōnā-bundu-s#, _speaking a speech_ (#cōntiōnā-rī#); #minitā-bundu-s#, _breathing out threatenings_ (#minitā-rī#); #vītā-bundu-s#, _forever dodging_ (#vītā-re#).

290. #-cundo-#, N. #-cundu-s#, denotes permanent quality: #fā-cundo-#, N. #fā-cundu-s#, _eloquent_ (√#fā-#, _speak_); #īrā-cundu-s#, _choleric_ (#īrā-scī#); #iū-cundu-s#, _pleasant_, _interesting_ (√#iuv-#, _help_).

II. WITH A PASSIVE MEANING.

291. The suffixes #-li-#, #-ti-li-#, #-bili-#, #-tīvo-#, #-no-#, and #-mino-#, are used to form adjectives with a _Passive_ meaning: as,

STEM. NOMINATIVE. FROM.

fac-ili- facilis, _easy to do_ √+fac-+, _do_ duc-tili- ductilis, _ductile_ √+duc-+, _draw_ amā-bili- amābilis, _lovable_ amā-re, _love_ mag-no- magnus, _great_ √+mag-+, _increase_

(1.) #-li-#, (N. #-li-s#); #-ti-li-#, #-bili-# (N. #-ti-li-s#, #-bili-s#).

292. #-i-li-#, N. #-i-li-s# (202), denotes passive capability: #fac-ili-#, N. #fac-ili-s#, _easy to do_ (√#fac-#, _do_); #frag-ili-s#, _breakable_, _frail_ (√#frag-#, _break_); #hab-ili-s#, _manageable_, _handy_ (√#hab-#, _hold_); #nūb-ili-s#, _marriageable_ (√#nūb-#, _veil_).

293. #-ti-li-#, N. #-ti-li-s#, or #-si-li-#, N. #-si-li-s# (159), denotes capability or quality: as, #duc-tili#, N. #duc-tili-s#, _capable of being drawn out_, _ductile_ (√#duc-#, _draw_); #fis-sili-s#, _cleavable_ (√#fid-#, _split_); #rā-sili-s#, _scraped_ (√#rād-#, _scrape_). Rarely active: as, #fer-tili-s#, _productive_ (√#fer-#, _bear_).

294. #-bili-#, N. #-bili-s# (202), denotes passive capability like #-i-li-#, but is far more common: #horr-ibili-s#, _exciting a shudder_ (cf. #horrē-re#); #amā-bili-s#, _lovable_ (#amā-re#); #flē-bili-s#, _lamentable_ (√#flē-#, _weep_). Rarely active: as, #sta-bili-s#, _that can stand_ (√#sta-#, _stand_); #penetrā-bili-s#, _piercing_ (#penetrā-re#). #-ti-bili-# (159), passive, rare: #flexibili-s#, _flexible_ (√#flec-#, _bend_, 960).

295. #-tīvo-#, N. #-tīvu-s#, denotes the way a thing originated: as, #cap-tīvu-s#, _captive_ (√#cap-#, _take_); #sta-tīvu-s#, _set_ (√#sta-#, _set_).

(2.) #-no-# (N. #-nu-s#); #-mino-# (N. #-minu-s#).

296. #-no-#, N. #-nu-s#, an old passive participle suffix, denotes result: #mag-nu-s# (_enlarged_), _great_ (√#mag-#, _great_); #plē-nus#, _full_ (√#plē-#, _fill_). Neuter as substantive: #dō-nu-m#, _gift_ (√#dō-#, _give_). Sometimes active: #egē-nu-s#, _needy_ (#egē-re#, 192).

297. The suffix #-mino-# (for #-meno-#, 103, _a_) in its weakest form (135, 2) is found in a few substantives: as, #alu-mnu-s#, _nursling_ (√#al-#, _nurse_). The endings #-minī# (730) and #-minō# (731) are apparently case forms of the same suffix. #-minō# would seem to be an ablative; #-minī# may be a nominative plural.

(B.) DENOMINATIVES.

298. Denominative adjectives may be divided into such as denote: I. _Material_ or _Resemblance_. II. _Appurtenance_: implying sometimes _possession_, often _fitness_, _conformity_, _character_, or _origin_. III. _Supply._ IV. Diminutives. V. Comparatives and Superlatives; a few of these are primitive.

I. MATERIAL OR RESEMBLANCE.

299. The suffixes #-eo-# and #-n-eo-# are used to form adjectives denoting _Material_ or _Resemblance_: as,

STEM. NOMINATIVE. FROM.

aur-eo- aureus, _golden_ auro-, N. aurum, _gold_ ahē-neo- ahēneus, _bronze_ (58) aes-, N. aes, _bronze_

300. #-eo-#, N. #-eu-s#: #aur-eo-#, N. #aur-eu-s#, _golden_, _all gold_, _as good as gold_ (#auro-#); #ferr-eu-s#, _iron_ (#ferro-#); #pulver-eu-s#, _all dust_ (#pulver-#); #virgin-eu-s#, _girlish_ (#virgin-#).

301. #-n-eo-#, N. #-n-eu-s#: #ahē-neu-s#, _bronze_ (#ahē-#, 58; #aes-#); #quer-neu-s#, _oaken_ (#quercu-#). #-no-# is usually poetical: as, #ebur-nu-s#, _ivory_ (#ebur-#); #quer-nu-s#, _oaken_ (#quercu-#). #-ā-neo-#, N. #-ā-neu-s#: #miscell-āneu-s#, _mixed_ (#miscello-#).

II. APPURTENANCE.

302. The suffixes #-o-#, #-io-#, #-vo-#; #-timo-#, #-li-#, #-no-#; #-bri-#, #-cri-#, #-tri-#; #-co-#, #-ti-#, #-si-#, are used to form adjectives denoting _Belonging to_: as,

STEM. NOMINATIVE. FROM.

rēg-io- rēgius, _kingly_ rēg-, N. rēx, _king_ mari-timo- maritimus, _of the sea_ mari-, N. mare, _sea_ rēg-āli- rēgālis, _of a king_ rēg-, N. rēx, _king_ can-īno- canīnus, _of a dog_ can-, N. canis, _dog_ mulie-bri- muliebris, _womanly_ mulier-, N. mulier, _woman_ cīvi-co- cīvicus, _citizen’s_ cīvi-, N. cīvis, _citizen_

(1.) #-o-# (N. #-u-s#), #-io-# (N. #-iu-s#), #-vo-# (N. #-vu-s#).

303. #-o-#, N. #-u-s#: #decōr-o-#, N. #decōr-u-s#, _becoming_ (#decōr-#); #canōr-u-s#, _melodious_ (#canōr-#); #pervius#, _passable_ (#via-#).

304. #-io-# is one of the commonest suffixes, and is often added to other suffixes; thus: #-c-io-#, #-īc-io-#; #-tōr-io-# (#-sōr-io-#); #-ār-io-#.

305. #-io-#, N. #-iu-s#: #rēg-io-#, N. #rēg-iu-s#, _of_ or _like a king_ (#rēg-#); #patr-iu-s#, _of a father_ (#patr-#). Here belong many gentile names: as, #Sēst-iu-s# (#Sexto-#). These are used with substantives as adjectives: as, #lēx Cornēl-ia#, #lēx Iūl-ia#. Furthermore patrial adjectives: as, #Corinth-iu-s#, _Corinthian_ (#Corintho-#). In some, consonant #-io-# is used: #plēbē-iu-s#, _of the commons_ (#plēbē-#). #-io-# is rare in primitives: #exim-iu-s#, _select_ (#ex#, √#em-#, _take_).

306. #-c-io-#, N. #-c-iu-s# (202): #aedīli-cio#, N. #aedīli-ciu-s#, _of an aedile_ (#aedīli-#); #patr-iciu-s#, _of the fathers_ (#patr-#); #later-iciu-s#, _of brick_ (#later-#).

307. #-īc-io-#, N. #-īc-iu-s#: #nov-īcio-#, N. #nov-īciu-s#, _new_, _new-comer_ (#novo-#); #nātāl-īciu-s#, _birthday’s_ (#nātāli-#); #caement-īciu-s#, _rubble_ (#caemento-#). Usually suffixed to perfect

## participles to denote the quality derived from the past act:

#conduct-īciu-s#, _hired_ (#conducto-#); #trālāt-īciu-s#, _transferred_ (#trālāto-#).

308. #-tōr-io-#, N. #-tōr-iu-s#, or #-sōr-io-#, N. #-sōr-iu-s#, from the agent (205) in #-tōr-# (#-sōr-#), is the commonest ending with #-io-#: #imperā-tōrio-#, N. #imperā-tōriu-s#, _of a commander_ (#imperātōr-#). The neuter, as substantive, denotes the place where (266): #audī-tōriu-m#, _lecture-room_ (#audītōr-#); #dēvor-sōriu-m#, _inn_ (#dēvorsōr-#).

309. #-ār-io-#, N. #-ār-iu-s#, very common, is chiefly added to substantives: as, #agr-ārio-#, N. #agr-āriu-s#, _of land_ (#agro-#). Often as substantive: #not-āriu-s# (265), _stenographer_ (#notā-#); #aer-āriu-m# (266), _treastury_ (#aer-#); #sēmin-āriu-m#, _nursery_ (#sēmin-#); #bell-āria#, plural, _goodies_, _bonbons_ (#bello-#).

310. #-ī-vo-#, N. #-ī-vu-s# (202): #tempest-īvu-s#, _seasonable_ (#tempestāt-#, 126); #aest-īvu-s#, _summer’s_ (#aestāt-#). See 179.

(2.) #-timo-# (N. #-timu-s#); #-li-# (N. #-li-s#); #-no-# (N. #-nu-s#).

311. #-timo-#, N. #-timu-s# (202), for an older #-tumo-# (28): #mari-timo-#, N. #mari-timu-s#, _of the sea_ (#mari-#); #fīni-timu-s#, _of the border_ (#fīni-#); #lēg-itimu-s#, _lawful_ (#lēg-#).

312. #-li-# N. #-li-s#: #humi-li-#, N. #humi-li-s#, _lowly_ (#humo-#); but almost always in denominatives #-li-# is preceded by a long vowel (202), usually #-ā-# or #-ī-#, thus: #-ā-li-# (#-ā-ri-#), #-ī-li#; #-ē-li-#, #-ū-li-#.

313. #-ā-li-#, N. #-ā-li-s#: #rēg-āli-#, N. #rēg-āli-s#, _kingly_ (#rēg-#); #decemvir-āli-s#, _of a decemvir_ (#decemviro-#); #fāt-āli-s#, _fated_ (#fāto-#); #t-āli-s#, _such_ (stem #to-#, _that_); #qu-āli-s#, _as_ (#quo-#), #-ā-ri-#, N. #-ā-ri-s#, is used for #-āli-# if an #l# precedes (173): as, #mol-āri-#, N. #mol-āri-s#, _of a mill_ (#molā-#); #mīlit-āri-s#, _of a soldier_ (#mīlit-#). Neuters in #-āli-# and #-āri-# often become substantives (600): #fōc-āle#, _neckcloth_ (#fauci-#); #anim-al#, _breathing thing_ (#animā-#); #calc-ar#, _spur_ (#calci-#).

314. #-ī-li-#, N. #-ī-li-s#: #cīv-īli-#, N. #cīv-īli-s#, _of a citizen_ (#cīvi-#); #puer-ili-s#, _boyish_ (#puero-#). The neuter, as substantive, sometimes denotes the place where (266): #ov-īle#, _sheepfold_ (#ovi-#).

315. #-ē-li#, N. #-ē-li-s#: #fidē-li-#, N. #fidē-li-s#, _faithful_ (#fidē-#); #crūd-ēli-s#, _cruel_ (#crūdo-#); #patru-ēli-s#, _cousin_ (#patruo-#). #-ū-li-#, N. #-ū-li-s#: #tribū-li-#, N. #tribū-li-s#, _tribesman_ (#tribu-#).

316. The old participle suffix #-no-# (296) is sometimes added at once to noun stems, sometimes to other suffixes: thus, #-ā-no-#, #-ī-no-#; #-ti-no-#, #-tī-no-#; #-er-no-#, #-ur-no-#.

317. #-no-#, N. #-nu-s#, is added to stems formed with the comparative suffix #-ero-# or #-tero-# (347), denoting place: #super-no-#, N. #super-nu-s#, _above_; #inter-nu-s#, _internal_ (#inter#); #exter-nu-s#, _outside_; so, also, #alter-nu-s#, _every other_ (#altero-#); and to a very few substantives: as, #pater-nu-s#, _fatherly_ (#patr-#); #frāter-nu-s#, _brotherly_ (#frātr-#); #vēr-nu-s#, _of spring_ (#vēr-#). Also to cardinals, making distributives: as, #bī-nī#, _two by two_ (for #*dṷīnī#, #duo-#, 161).

318. #-ā-no-#, N. #-ā-nu-s# (202): #arcā-no-#, N. #arc-ānu-s#, _secret_ (#arcā-#); #Rōma-nu-s#, _of Rome_ (#Rōmā-#); #mont-ānu-s#, _of a mountain_ (#monti-#); #oppid-ānu-s#, _of a town_ (#oppido-#). #-i-āno-#: #Cicerōn-iāno-#, N. #Cicerōn-iānu-s#, _Cicero’s_. Rarely #-ā-neo-#: #mediterrā-neu-s#, _midland_ (#medio-#, #terrā-#).

319. #-ī-no-#, N. #-ī-nu-s# (202): #mar-īno-#, N. #mar-īnu-s#, _of the sea_; #repent-īnu-s#, _sudden_ (#repenti-#); oftenest added to names of living beings: as, #can-īnu-s#, _of a dog_ (#can-#); #dīv-īnu-s#, _of a god_ (#dīvo-#); #-ē-no-#: #lani-ēnu-s#, #ali-ēnu-s#. Also to proper names: as, #Plaut-īno-#, N. #Plaut-īnu-s#, _of Plautus_ (#Plauto-#); #Alp-īnu-s#, _Alpine_ (#Alpi-#).

320. #-ti-no-#, N. #-ti-nu-s#, is used in some adjectives of time: #crās-tinu-s#, _to-morrow’s_ (#crās-#); #diū-tinu-s#, _lasting_ (#diū#); #prīs-tinu-s#, _of aforetime_ (#prī-#, #prae#).

321. #-tī-no-#, N. #-tī-nu-s#, is used in a few words of place and time: #intes-tīno-#, N. #intes-tinu-s#, _inward_ (#intus#); #vesper-tīnu-s#, _at eventide_ (#vespero-#).