Part 38

(_a._) #cūr loquimur dē eō hoste, quī iam fatētur sē esse hostem, et quem nōn timeō?# _C._ 2, 17, _why am I talking about an enemy who admits himself he is an enemy, and whom I do not fear?_ (_b._) #Bocchus cum peditibus, quōs Volux addūxerat, neque in priōre pugnā adfuerant#, S. _I._ 101, 5, _Bocchus with the infantry whom Volux had brought up, and who had not been engaged in the first skirmish_. (_c._) #Viriāthus, quem C. Laelius frēgit, ferōcitātemque eius repressit#, _Off._ 2, 40, _Viriathus, whom Laelius crushed, and curbed his fiery soul_. This last use is chiefly limited to old Latin, Cicero, and Lucretius.

(B.) SUBORDINATION OF A RELATIVE.

1834. A sentence consisting of a main and a relative member, may be further modified by a more specific relative sentence: as,

#proximī sunt Germānīs quī trāns Rhēnum incolunt# (general), #quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt# (specific), 1, 1, 3, _they are nearest to the Germans that live beyond the Rhine, with whom they carry on uninterrupted hostilities_. #īdem artifex Cupīdinem fēcit illum quī est Thespiīs# (general), #propter quem Thespiae vīsuntur# (specific), _V._ 4, 4, _the selfsame artist made the world-renowned Cupid at Thespiae, which is the attraction for tourists in Thespiae_.

THE RELATIVE INTRODUCING A MAIN SENTENCE.

1835. Besides the ordinary use of the relative, to introduce a subordinate sentence, it is often used like #hīc#, or #is#, or like #et is#, #is autem#, #is enim#, or #is igitur#, to append a fresh main sentence or period to the foregoing: as,

#cōnsiliō convocātō sententiās exquīrere coepit, quō in cōnsiliō nōnnūllae huius modī sententiae dīcēbantur#, 3, 3, 1, _calling a council of war, he proceeded to ask their opinion, and in this council some opinions of the following import were set forth_. #centuriōnēs hostēs vocāre coepērunt; quōrum prōgredī ausus est nēmō#, 5, 43, 6, _the officers proceeded to call the enemy; but not a man of them ventured to step forward_. #perūtilēs Xenophōntis librī sunt; quos legite studiōsē#, _CM._ 59, _Xenophon’s works are extremely profitable reading; so do read them attentively_. In Plautus this use is rare; but it becomes more and more prevalent, and in the time of Cicero the relative is one of the commonest connectives.

1836. From this use of the relative come many introductory formulas, such as #quō factō#, #quā rē cōgnitā#, #quae cum ita sint#, &c., &c.

1837. A connective #quod# is often used before #sī#, #nisi#, or #etsī#, less frequently before #quia#, #quoniam#, #utinam#, #quī#, &c.

This #quod# may be translated _so_, _but_, _now_, _whereas_, _as to that_, &c., or it is often best omitted in translation. See 2132.

THE CONJUNCTIVE PARTICLE SENTENCE.

#quod.#

1838. The conjunctive particle #quod#, originally the neuter of the relative pronoun, has both a declarative sense, _that_, and a causal sense, _because_. In both senses it regularly introduces the indicative (1721). For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is often used, and

## particularly in indirect discourse (1722).

1839. In some of its applications, particularly in old Latin, the conjunctive particle #quod# can hardly be distinguished from the pronoun #quod#, as follows:

1840. (1) In old Latin, #quod#, _why_, _for what_, is sometimes used with #veniō# and #mittō#. Thus, as in #id vēnimus#, Pl. _MG._ 1158, _that’s why we’ve come_, #id# is used to define the purpose of the motion (1144), so also #quod#, in #quod vēnī, ēloquar#, T. _Hau. prol._ 3, _what I’ve come for, I’ll set forth_. Instead of #quod#, more explicitly #quam ob rem#: as, #quam ob rem hūc sum missa#, Pl. _R._ 430, _what I am sent here for_.

1841. (2.) #quod#, _why_, _for what_, is used in such expansions as #quid est quod?# #quid habēs quod?# or #nihil est quod#: as,

#quid est quod mē excīvistī?# Pl. _E._ 570, _why is it that you’ve called me out?_ (1144). Usually with the subjunctive (1563): as, #quid est quod plūra dīcāmus?# _Clu._ 59, _what reason is there for saying more?_ For #quod#, sometimes #quā rē#, #quam ob rem#, #cūr#, &c. The question itself is also sometimes varied: as, #quid fuit causae, cūr in Āfricam Caesarem nōn sequerēre?# _Ph._ 2, 71, _what earthly reason was there, why you should not have followed Caesar to Africa?_

1842. (3.) #quod#, _as to what_, or _that_, is used, especially at the beginning of a sentence, to introduce a fact on which something is to be said, often by way of protest or refutation: as,

#vērum quod tū dīcis, nōn tē mī īrāscī decet#, Pl. _Am._ 522, _but as to what you say, it is n’t right that you should get provoked with me_. #quod multitūdinem Germānōrum in Galliam trādūcat, id sē suī mūniendī causā facere#, 1, 44, 6, _as to his moving a great many Germans over to Gaul, that he did for self-protection_ (1722). This construction is

## particularly common in Caesar, and in Cicero’s letters.

1843. When #quod#, _in case_, _suppose_, _although_, introduces a mere conjecture or a concession, the subjunctive is used (1554): as, #quod quispiam ignem quaerat, extinguī volō#, Pl. _Aul._ 91, _in case a man may come for fire, I want the fire put out_. This use is principally found in old Latin, but once or twice also in Cicero.

1844. #quod#, _that_, _the fact that_, is often used in subordinate sentences which serve to complete the sense of the main sentence.

1845. The sentence with #quod# may represent a subject, as with #accēdit#; an object, as with #praetereō#, &c.; or any case of a substantive; frequently it is in apposition with a demonstrative or an appellative: as,

(_a._) #accēdēbat, quod suōs ab sē līberōs abstrāctōs dolēbant#, 3, 2, 5, _there was added this fact, that they lamented that their own children were torn from them_; or less clumsily, _then too they lamented_. #praetereō, quod eam sibī̆ domum sēdemque dēlēgit, in quā cōtīdiē virī mortis indicia vidēret#, _Clu._ 188, _I pass over the fact that she picked out a house to live in, in which she would see, day in day out, things to remind her of her husband’s death_. #illud minus cūrō, quod congessistī operāriōs omnēs#, _Br._ 297, _I am not

## particularly interested in the fact that you have lumped together all

sorts of cobblers and tinkers_. (_b._) #Caesar senātūs in eum beneficia commemorāvit, quod rēx appellātus esset ā senātū#, 1, 43, 4, _Caesar told of the kindnesses of the senate to the man, the fact that ‘he had been styled king by the senate’_ (1722). #quō factō duās rēs cōnsecūtus est, quod animōs centuriōnum dēvinxit et mīlitum voluntātēs redēmit#, Caes. _C._ 1, 39, 4, _thus he killed two birds with one stone: he won the hearts of the officers, and he bought golden opinions of the rank and file_. #hōc ūnō praestāmus vel maximē ferīs, quod conloquimur inter nōs#, _DO._ 1, 32, _in this one circumstance do we perhaps most of all surpass brutes, that we can talk with each other_. #labōre et industriā et quod adhibēbat grātiam, in prīncipibus patrōnīs fuit#, _Br._ 233, _thanks to his untiring industry, and to his bringing his winning manners to bear, he figured among the leaders of the bar_.

1846. #accēdit#, as the passive of #addō#, often has the subjunctive with #ut#: see 1965. #addō quod#, especially in the imperative form #adde quod#, occurs in Accius, Terence, Lucretius, Horace, and Ovid. #adiciō quod# begins with Livy.

1847. The sentence with #quod# is often introduced by a prepositional expression, such as #eō# with #dē#, #ex#, #in#, #prō#, rarely with #cum#; or #id# with #ad# in Livy, #super# in Tacitus.

1848. #nisi quod#, or in Plautus and Terence #nisi quia#, _but for the fact that_, _except_, _only that_, and #praeter quam quod#, _besides the fact that_, are used in limitations: as, #nihil peccat, nisi quod nihil peccat#, Plin. _Ep._ 9, 26, 1, _he erreth naught, save that he naught doth err_. Livy has also #super quam quod#. #tantum quod# in the sense of #nisi quod# is rare; more commonly of time, _just_, _hardly_.

1849. #quid quod?# for #quid dē eō dīcam quod?# _what of the fact that_, or _nay more_, marks an important transition: as, #quid quod salūs sociōrum in perīculum vocātur?# _IP._ 12, _nay more, the very existence of our allies is endangered_.

1850. With verbs of doing or happening, accompanied by some word of manner, #quod# introduces a verb of coincident action (1733): as,

#bene facis quod mē adiuvās#, _Fin._ 3, 16, _you are very kind in helping me_. #videor mihī̆ grātum fēcisse Siculīs, quod eōrum iniūriās sum persecūtus#, _V._ 2, 16, _I flatter myself that I have won the gratitude of the Sicilians in acting as avenger of their wrongs_. In this sense #quī# (1826) or #cum# (1874) is often used, or in Plautus and once in Horace #quia#.

1851. #quod#, _that_, _because_, is used to denote cause with verbs of emotion.

Thus, as with #id# in #id gaudeō#, T. _Andr._ 362, _I’m glad of that_ (1144), so with an object sentence, as #gaudeō quod tē interpellāvī#, _Leg._ 3, 1, _I’m glad that I interrupted you_. Such verbs are: #gaudeō#, #laetor#; #mīror#; #doleō#, #maereō#, #angor#, #indignor#, #suscēnseō#, #īrāscor#, &c. In old Latin, Cicero’s letters, Livy, and rarely in Tacitus such verbs may have #quia#, sometimes #quom# (1875). For the accusative with the infinitive, see 2187.

1852. Verbs of praising, blaming, accusing, and condemning, often take #quod#: as,

#quod bene cōgitāstī aliquandō, laudō#, _Ph._ 2, 34, _that you have ever had good intentions, I commend_. #laudat Africānum Panaetius, quod fuerit abstinēns#, _Off._ 2, 76, _Panaetius eulogizes Africanus, ‘for being so abstinent’_ (1725). #ut cum Sōcratēs accūsātus est quod corrumperet iuventūtem#, Quintil. 4, 4, 5, _as when Socrates was charged with ‘demoralizing the rising generation’_ (1725). #grātulor#, _congratulate_, and #grātiās agō#, _thank_, have regularly #quod# or #cum# (1875). Verbs of accusing sometimes have #cūr#.

1853. Causal #quod#, _owing to the fact that_, _because_, introduces an efficient cause, or a reason or motive: as,

(_a._) #in hīs locīs, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriōnēs vergit, mātūrae sunt hiemēs#, 4, 20, 1, _in these parts the winter sets in early, owing to the fact that Gaul in general lies to the north_. #Helvētiī reliquōs Gallōs virtūte praecēdunt, quod ferē cōtīdiānīs proeliīs cum Germānīs contendunt#, 1, 1, 4, _the Helvetians outshine the rest of the Gauls in bravery, because they do battle with the Germans almost every day_. #hōrum fortissimī sunt Belgae, proptereā quod a cultū prōvinciae longissimē absunt#, 1, 1, 3, _of these the stoutest fighting-men are the Belgians, for the reason that they live furthest away from the comforts of the province_. (_b._) #T. Mānlius Torquātus fīlium suum, quod is contrā imperium in hostem pugnāverat, necārī iussit#, S. _C._ 52, 30, _Torquatus ordered his own son to be put to death, because the young man had fought with the enemy contrary to orders_. #exōrāvit tyrannum ut abīre licēret, quod iam beātus nōllet esse#, _TD._ 5, 62, _he induced the monarch to let him go, ‘because he didn’t care to be Fortune’s pet any longer’_ (1725). #Bellovacī suum numerum nōn contulērunt, quod sē suō arbitriō bellum esse gestūrōs dīcerent#, 7, 75, 5, _the Bellovacans would not put in their proper quota, saying they meant to make war on their own responsibility_ (1727).

[Erratum: 1845a ... Caesar told of the kindnesses of the senate told off]

1854. #quod# often has a correlative in the main sentence, such as #eō#, #ideō#, #idcircō#, #proptereā#. In Sallust, #eā grātiā#. In Plautus, causal #quod# is very rare compared to causal #quia#.

1855. An untenable reason is introduced in Plautus by #nōn eō quia#, in Terence by #nōn eō quō#; in Cicero very rarely by #neque# or #non eō quō#, usually by #nōn quod# or #nōn quō#; by #nōn quia# rarely in classical Latin, but commonly from Livy on. The valid reason follows, with #sed quod#, #sed quia#, or with #sed# and a fresh main sentence.

The mood is usually subjunctive (1725): as, #pugilēs ingemīscunt, nōn quod doleant, sed quia prōfundendā vōce omne corpus intenditur#, _TD._ 2, 56, _boxers grunt and groan, not because they feel pain, but because by explosion of voice the whole system gets braced up_. Sometimes, but very rarely in classical prose, the indicative. Correlatives, such as #idcircō#, _ideō_, &c., are not uncommon. Reversed constructions occur, with #magis# followed by #quam#, as: #magis quod#, #quō#, or #quia#, followed by #quam quō#, #quod#, or #quia#. The negative _not that . . . not_, is expressed by #nōn quod nōn#, #nōn quō nōn#, or #nōn quīn#.

[Erratum: 1855 ... #nōn quō nōn#, or #nōn quīn# quin]

#quia.#

1856. #quia#, a neuter accusative plural of the relative stem (701) is used in both a declarative and a causal sense, like #quod# (1838). It is, however, more prevalent in Plautus, less so from Terence on.

1857. For the uses of declarative #quia#, see under 1848, 1850, 1851.

1858. Causal #quia#, with or without a correlative, such as #ideō#, #eō#, #proptereā#, &c., is common in old Latin (1854) and poetry, unusual in prose (once in Caesar) before Tacitus. For #nōn quia#, &c., see 1855.

#quom# or #cum#.

1859. #quom# or #cum# (157, 711), used as a relative conjunctive

## particle (1794), has a temporal meaning, _when_, which readily passes

over to an explanatory or causal meaning, _in that_, _since_ or _although_. In both meanings it introduces the indicative in old Latin. In classical Latin, temporal #cum# in certain connections, and causal #cum# regularly, introduces the subjunctive. The subjunctive is also used with #cum# for special reasons, as in the indefinite second person (1731), by attraction (1728), and commonly by late writers to express repeated past action (1730). #cum#, _when_, is often used as a synonym of #sī#, _if_, and may then introduce any form of a conditional protasis (2016, 2110).

(A.) TEMPORAL #cum#.

WITH THE INDICATIVE.

1860. #cum#, _when_, _whenever_, _if_, of indefinite time, may introduce any tense of the indicative required by the context: as,

#facile omnēs, quom valēmus, rēcta cōnsilia aegrōtīs damus#, T. _Andr._ 309, _we all, when well, give good advice to sick folk easily_. #Rōmae videor esse, cum tuās litterās legō#, _Att._ 2, 15, 1, _I always fancy myself in Rome, when I am reading a letter from you_. #cum posuī librum, adsēnsiō omnis ēlābitur#, _TD._ 1, 24, _when I drop the book, all assent melts away_ (1613). #incenderis cupiditāte lībertātis, cum potestātem gustandī fēceris#, _RP._ 2, 50, _you will inspire them with a passion for freedom, when you give them a chance to taste it_ (1627). #hīs cum fūnēs comprehēnsī adductīque erant, praerumpēbantur#, 3, 14, 6, _every time the lines were caught by these and hauled taut, they would part_ (1618). The subjunctive is used, chiefly by late writers, rarely by Cicero and Caesar, to express repeated past action (1730): as, #cum in convīvium vēnisset, sī quicquam caelātī adspexerat, manūs abstinēre nōn poterat#, _V._ 4, 48, _when he went to a dinner party, if he ever caught sight of a bit of chased work, he never could keep his hands off_ (2050).

1861. #cum#, _when_, of definite time, regularly introduces the indicative in old Latin, even where the subjunctive is required in classical Latin (1872): as,

#nam illa, quom tē ad sē vocābat, mēmet esse crēdidit#, Pl. _Men._ 1145, _for when that lady asked you in, she thought ’twas I_. #postīculum hoc recēpit, quom aedīs vēndidit#, Pl. _Tri._ 194, _this back part he excepted, when he sold the house_.

1862. #cum#, _when_, of definite time, regularly introduces the indicative of any action, not of past time: as,

#sed dē hīs etiam rēbus, ōtiōsī cum erimus, loquēmur#, _Fam._ 9, 4, _but we will talk of this when we have time_. #cum ego P. Grānium testem prōdūxerō, refellitō, sī poteris#, _V._ 5, 154, _when I put Granius on the witness stand, refute him if you can_.

1863. With #cum#, _when_, the indicative is used of definite past time to date the action of the main clause, as follows:

1864. (1.) The indicative imperfect is regularly used with #cum#, _when_, to denote a continued action parallel and coincident in duration with another continued action, also in the imperfect: as,

#quom pugnābant maxumē, ego tum fugiēbam maxumē#, Pl. _Am._ 199, _while they were fighting hardest, then I was running hardest_. #tum cum rem habēbās, quaesticulus tē faciēbat attentiōrem#, _Fam._ 9, 16, 7, _as long as you were a man of substance, the fun of making money made you a little close_.

1865. (2.) The indicative imperfect is often used with #cum#, _when_, denoting a continued action, to date an apodosis in the perfect: as,

#legiōnēs quom pugnābant maxumē, quid in tabernāclō fēcistī?# Pl. _Am._ 427, _what did’st thou in the tent what time the legions fought their mightiest?_ #hīs librīs adnumerandī sunt sex dē rē pūblicā, quōs tum scrīpsimus cum gubernācula rē̆ī pūblicae tenēbāmus#, _Div._ 2, 3, _to these books are to be added the six On the State, which I wrote at the time I was holding the helm of state_. But when the object of the clause is not distinctly to date the apodosis, its verb is in the subjunctive (1872).

1866. (3.) The indicative perfect or present of vivid narration is used with #cum#, _when_, to date an apodosis in the perfect or present of vivid narration: as,

#‘per tuās statuās’ vērō cum dīxit, vehementius rīsimus#, _DO._ 2, 242, _but when he uttered the words ‘by your statues’ we burst into a louder laugh_. #cum occīditur Sex. Rōscius, ibīdem fuērunt#, _RA._ 120, _when Roscius was murdered, they were on the spot_. #cum diēs vēnit, causā ipse prō sē dictā, damnātur#, L. 4, 44, 10, _when the day of the trial came, he spoke in his own defence and was condemned_. The present is

## particularly common in old colloquial Latin: as, #vivom, quom abīmus,

līquimus#, Pl. _Cap._ 282, _we left him alive when we came away_. For #cum prīmum# in narration, see 1925; for #cum extemplō#, 1926.

1867. (4.) The indicative perfect or present of vivid narration is regularly used with #cum#, _when_, to denote a momentary action when the apodosis denotes continued action: as,

#cum Caesar in Galliam vēnit, alterīus factiōnis prīncipēs erant Aeduī, alterīus Sēquanī#, 6, 12, 1, _when Caesar came to Gaul, the leaders of one party were the Aeduans, of the other the Sequanians_. #eō cum veniō, praetor quiēscēbat#, _V._ 4, 32, _when I got there, the praetor was taking a nap_.

1868. An emphatic indicative clause with #cum#, _while_, often follows the main action.

The clause with #cum# is usually inconsistent with the main action, and #cum# is often attended by #intereā#, #interim#, _all the time_, #etiam tum#, _still_, #nōndum#, #hauddum#, _not yet_, _no longer_, #quidem#, _by the way_, or #tamen#, #nihilōminus#, _nevertheless_: as,

#caedēbātur virgīs in mediō forō Messānae cīvis Rōmānus, cum intereā nūllus gemitus audiēbātur#, _V._ 5, 162, _there was flogged with rods in open market place at Messana a citizen of Rome, while all the time not a groan was to be heard_. #ēvolārat iam ē cōnspectū quadrirēmis, cum etiam tum cēterae nāvēs ūnō in locō mōliēbantur#, _V._ 5, 88, _she had already sped out of sight, the four-banker, while the rest of the vessels were still struggling round in one and the same spot_. This use is very rare in old Latin. Not in Caesar. With the infinitive of intimation, see 1539.

1869. An indicative clause with #cum#, usually expressing sudden or unexpected action, sometimes contains the main idea, and is put last.

In this case #cum# is often attended by #subitō# or #repente#, _suddenly_, and the first clause contains #iam#, _already_, _by this time_, #vix#, #aegrē#, _hardly_, #vixdum#, _hardly yet_, or #nōndum#, _not yet_. The first verb is commonly in the imperfect or pluperfect, and the second in the perfect or present of vivid narration: as,

#dīxerat hoc ille, cum puer nūntiāvit venīre Laelium#, _RP._ 1, 18, _scarcely had he said this, when a slave announced that Laelius was coming_. #vix ea fātus eram, gemitū cum tālia reddit#, V. 2, 323, _scarce had I spoke the words, when with a groan he answers thus_. #Hannibal iam subībat mūrōs, cum repente in eum patē̆factā portā ērumpunt Rōmānī#, L. 29, 7, 8, _Hannibal was already moving up to the walls, when all of a sudden the gate flies open and the Romans come pouring out upon him_. #iamque hoc facere apparābant, cum mātres familiae repente prōcurrērunt#, 7, 26, 3, _they were already preparing to do it, when suddenly the married women rushed forward_. This use is very rare in old Latin. From Sallust on, it is found occasionally with the infinitive of intimation (1539).

1870. A clause with #cum# is often used attributively with words denoting time, or with #est#, #fuit#, or #erit#.

The mood is the same as with a relative pronoun, sometimes the indicative, and regularly in old Latin, but usually the subjunctive: as, #fuit quoddam tempus cum in agrīs hominēs vagābantur#, _Inv._ 1, 2, _there was an age of the world when men roved round in the fields_ (1813, 1823). #fuit tempus cum rūra colerent hominēs#, Varro, _RR._ 3, 1, 1, _there was a time when men dwelt in the fields_ (1818, 1821). #est cum exōrnātiō praetermittenda est#, Cornif. 2, 30, _sometimes ornamentation should be avoided_. #fuit anteā tempus, cum Germānōs Gallī virtūte superārent#, 6, 24, 1, _there was a time when the Gauls outdid the Germans in valour_. The subjunctive is also used with #audiō cum# (1722), but with #meminī cum# the indicative: as, #saepe ex socerō meō audīvī, cum is dīceret#, _DO._ 2, 22, _I have often heard my father-in-law saying_. #meminī cum mihī̆ dēsipere vidēbāre#, _Fam._ 7, 28, 1, _I remember when I thought you showed bad taste_.

1871. The indicative present or perfect with #cum# is used in expressions equivalent to an emphasized accusative or ablative of time, the main verb being #est# or #sunt#: as, #annī prope quadringentī sunt, cum hoc probātur#, _O._ 171, _it is nearly four hundred years that this has been liked_. #nōndum centum et decem annī sunt, cum lāta lēx est#, _Off._ 2, 75, _it is not a hundred and ten years yet since the law was passed_. In old Latin, the clause with #cum# is made the subject of #est#, and the substantive of time is put in the accusative: as, #hanc domum iam multōs annōs est quom possideō#, Pl. _Aul._ 3, _’tis many years now I have occupied this house_.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

1872. With #cum#, _when_, the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used to describe the circumstances under which the action of the main clause took place: as,

#cum rēx Pyrrhus populō Rōmānō bellum intulisset cumque dē imperiō certāmen esset cum rēge potentī, perfuga ab eō vēnit in castra Fabriciī#, _Off._ 3, 86, _king Pyrrhus having made war on the Roman nation, and there being a struggle for sovereignty with a powerful king, a deserter from him came into Fabricius’s camp_. #eōdem tempore Attalus rēx moritur alterō et septuāgēsimō annō, cum quattuor et quadrāgintā annōs rēgnāsset#, L. 33, 21, 1, _the same year Attalus the king dies, in his seventy-second year, having reigned forty-four years_. #hīc pāgus, cum domō exīsset patrum nostrōrum memoriā, L. Cassium cōnsulem interfēcerat#, 1, 12, 5, _this canton, sallying out from home in our fathers’ recollection, had put Cassius, the consul, to death_. #nam cum inambulārem in xystō, M. ad mē Brūtus vēnerat#, _Br._ 10, _for as I was pacing up and down my portico, Brutus had come to see me_. #Antigonus in proeliō, cum adversus Seleucum et Lȳsimachum dīmicāret, occīsus est#, N. 21, 3, 2, _Antigonus was killed in battle fighting against Seleucus and Lysimachus_. #haec cum Crassus dīxisset, silentium est cōnsecūtum#, _DO._ 1, 160, _a deep silence ensued after Crassus had finished speaking_. #cum annōs iam complūrīs societās esset, moritur in Galliā Quīnctius, cum adesset Naevius#, _Quinct._ 14, _the partnership having lasted several years, Quinctius died in Gaul, Naevius being there at the time_.