Part 18
Other examples are: #tegō#, _cover_, #petō#, _make for_; #mergō#, _dip_, #serpō#, _creep_; #pendō#, _weigh_; #dīcō#, _say_, #fīdō#, _trust_, #scrībō#, _write_, with long #ī# for #ei# (98); #dūcō#, _lead_, with long #ū# for #eu#, #ou# (100); #lūdō#, _play_, with long #ū# for #oi#, #oe# (99); #laedō#, _hit_, #claudō#, _shut_; #rādō#, _scrape_, #cēdō#, _move along_, #fīgō#, _fix_, #rōdō#, _gnaw_, #glūbō#, _peel_. #*furō#, _rave_; #agō#, _drive_, #alō#, _nurture_. #gignō#, _beget_, (#gen-#, #gn-#), has reduplication, and #sīdō#, _settle_, _light_ (#sed-#, #sd-#), is also the result of an ancient reduplication (189).
830. In some present stems an original consonant has been modified: as, #gerō#, _carry_ (#ges-#), #ūrō#, _burn_ (154); #trahō#, _draw_ (#tragh-#), #vehō#, _cart_ (152); or has disappeared: as, #fluō#, _flow_ (#flūgu-#).
831. Some roots in a mute have a nasal before the mute in the present stem: as, #frangō#, _break_ (#frag-#). Other examples are: #iungō#, _join_, #linquō#, _leave_, #pangō#, _fix_, #pingō#, _paint_; #findō#, _cleave_, #fundō#, _pour_; #-cumbō#, _lie_, #lambō#, _lick_, #rumpō#, _break_ (164, 3). The nasal sometimes runs over into the perfect or perfect participle, or both.
832. (2.) The present stem of many verbs in #-ere# is formed by adding a suffix ending in a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, which appears in the first person singular active as #-ō#, to a root: thus, #-nō#, #-scō#, #-tō#, #-iō#: as,
PRESENT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. lin{o|e-} linō, _besmear_ +li-+ crēsc{o|e-} crēscō, _grow_ +crē-+ pect{o|e-} pectō, _comb_ +pec-+ capi{o|e-} capiō, _take_ +cap-+
833. (_a._) #-nō# is added to roots in a vowel, or in a continuous sound, #-m-#, #-r-#, or #-l-#.
So regularly #linō#, _besmear_, #sinō#, _let_; #temnō#, _scorn_, #cernō#, _sift_, #spernō#, _spurn_, only. The third persons plural #danunt# (Naev., Plaut.) for #dant#, #prōdīnunt#, #redīnunt# (Enn.) for #prōdeunt#, #redeunt# hardly belong here; their formation is obscure. In a few verbs, #-n# is assimilated (166, 6): as, #tollō#, _lift_. Sometimes the doubled #l# runs into the perfect (855): as, #vellī#, #fefellī#. #minuō#, _lessen_, and #sternuō#, _sneeze_, have a longer suffix #-nu{o|e-}#.
834. (_b._) #-scō#, usually meaning ‘_begin to_,’ forms presents called _Inceptives_ or _Inchoatives_.
#-scō# is attached: first, to roots: as, #nāscor#, _am born_, #nōscō#, _learn_, #pāscō#, _feed_, #scīscō#, _resolve_; consonant roots have #ī#, less commonly #ē#, before the suffix: as, #tremīscō# or #tremēscō#, _fall a-trembling_, #nancīscor#, _get_ (831); but #discō#, _learn_ (170, 1), and #poscō#, _demand_ (170, 10), are shortened; see 168. Secondly, to a form of the present stem of denominative verbs, especially of those in #-ēre#: as, #clārēscō#, _brighten_; the stem is often assumed only, as in #inveterāscō#, _grow old_, #mātūrēscō#, _get ripe_. Many inceptives are used only in composition: as, #extimēscō#, _get scared_, #obdormīscō#, _drop asleep_.
835. (_c._) #-tō# occurs in the following presents from guttural roots: #flectō#, _turn_, #nectō#, _string_, #pectō#, _comb_, #plector#, _am struck_, #amplector#, _hug_, #complector#, _clasp_. From a lingual root #vid-#, comes #vīsō#, _go to see_, _call on_ (153). From vowel roots: #bētō# or #bītō#, _go_, and #metō#, _mow_.
836. (_d._) #-iō# is usually added to consonant roots with a short vowel; the following have presents formed by this suffix:
#capiō#, _take_, #cupiō#, _want_, #faciō#, _make_, #fodiō#, _dig_, #fugiō#, _run away_, #iaciō#, _throw_, #pariō#, _bring forth_, #quatiō#, _shake_, #rapiō#, _seize_, #sapiō#, _have sense_, and their compounds; the compounds of #*laciō#, _lure_, and #speciō# or #spiciō#, _spy_, and the deponents #gradior#, _step_, #morior#, _die_, and #patior#, _suffer_, and their compounds. For occasional forms like those of verbs in #-īre# (or #-īrī#), see 791. For #aiō#, see 786; for #fīō#, 788.
837. A few present stems are formed by adding a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, for an older #-i{o|e-}#, to a vowel root: as,
#ruō#, _tumble down_, #rui-s#, #rui-t#, #rui-mus#, #rui-tis#, #ruu-nt# (114). Vowel roots in #-ā-#, #-ē-#, or #-ī-# have a present stem like that of denominatives: as, #stō#, _stand_, #stā-s#, #sta-t#, #stā-mus#, #stā-tis#, #sta-nt#; #fleō#, _weep_, #flē-s#, #fle-t#, #flē-mus#, #flē-tis#, #fle-nt#; #neō#, _spin_, has once #neu-nt# for #ne-nt# (Tib.); #sciō#, _know_, #scī-s#, #sci-t#, #scī-mus#, #scī-tis#, #sciu-nt#.
838. Most present stems formed by adding the suffix #-iō# to a root ending in #-l-#, #-r-#, or #-n-#, and all formed by adding #-iō# to a long syllable, have the form of denominatives in #-īre# in the present system: as, #saliō#, _leap_, #salīre#, #aperiō#, _open_, #aperīre#, #veniō#, _come_, #venīre#; #farciō#, _cram_, #farcīre#.
[Errata: 830 ... (#tragh-#) ... (#flūgu-#). In these two roots, the pairs “gh” and “gu” are printed together, while the other letters of the root are spaced as usual. 834 ... less commonly #ē#, before the suffix #ē#. before 835 ... #pectō#, _comb_ #pectō# _comb_]
II. DENOMINATIVES.
839. The present stem of denominatives is formed by attaching a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, for an older #-i{o|e-}#, to a theme consisting of a noun stem: as,
UNCONTRACTED PRESENT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. cēna{o|e-} cēnō, _dine_ cēnā- flōre{o|e-} flōreō, _blossom_ flōre- vesti{o|e-} vestiō, _dress_ vesti- acu{o|e-} acuō, _point_ acu-
The noun stem ending is often slightly modified in forming the theme: thus, #laud-# becomes #laudā-# in #laudō# for #*laudā-ō#, and #flōr-# becomes #flōre-# in #flōre-ō#.
840. In many of the forms, the final vowel of the theme is contracted with the variable vowel: as,
#plantō#, #plantās# (118, 3) for #*plantāi̭ō#, #*plantāi̭es# (153, 2); #monēs# for #*monēi̭es# (118, 1), #audīs# for #*audīi̭es# (118, 3). The long #ā#, #ē#, or #ī#, is regularly shortened in some of the forms: as, #scit#, #arat#, #habet#, for Plautine #scīt#, #arāt#, #habēt#. In a few forms no contraction occurs: as, #moneō#, #audiō#, #audiu-nt#, #audie-ntis#, &c., #audie-ndus#, &c. (114). Denominatives from stems in #-u-#, as #acuō#, are not contracted, and so have the forms of verbs in #-ere# (367).
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.
841. The suffix of the present subjunctive of #sum#, _am_, is #-ī-#, which becomes #-i-# before #-m#, #-t#, and #-nt#: #si-m#, #sī-s#, #si-t#, #sī-mus#, #sī-tis#, #si-nt# (35, 2, 3). So also in the singular and in the third person plural, #dui-m#, &c. (756), and #edi-m#, &c. (769), and in all the persons, #veli-m#, &c. (#nōli-m#, &c., #māli-m#, &c.). An old suffix is #-iē-# (#-ie-#), in #sie-m#, #siē-s#, #sie-t#, and #sie-nt#.
842. (1.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in #-ere#, #-ēre#, and #-īre#, ends in #-ā-#, which becomes #-a-# in some of the persons; this suffix replaces the variable vowel of the indicative: as,
#rega-m#, #regā-s#, #rega-t#, #regā-mus#, #regā-tis#, #rega-nt#; #capia-m#, #capiā-s#, &c.; #monea-m#, #moneā-s#, &c.; #audia-m#, #audiā-s#, &c. #ea-m#, #quea-m#, #fera-m#, and the old #fua-m# (750), also have the formative subjunctive vowel.
843. (2.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in #-āre# ends in #-ē-#, which becomes #-e-# in some of the persons: as,
#laude-m#, #laudē-s#, #laude-t#, #laudē-mus#, #laudē-tis#, #laude-nt#. #dō#, _give_, also has #de-m#, #dē-s#, &c.
[Erratum: 842 ... #monea-m#, #moneā-s#, &c.; . missing]
IMPERATIVE.
844. Root verbs have a root as imperative stem (745-780): as, #es#, &c., #fer#, &c. But the imperative of #nōlō# has a stem in #-ī-#, like verbs in #-īre#: thus, #nōlī#, #nōlī-tō#, #nōlī-te#, #nōlī-tōte#.
845. The imperative stem of verbs in #-ere#, and of verbs in #-āre#, #-ēre#, and #-īre#, is the same as that of the indicative: as,
#rege#, #regi-tō#, #regu-ntō#, #rege-re#; #cape#, #capi-tō#, #capiu-ntō#; #fī#; #laudā#, &c.; #monē#, &c.; #audī#, &c.
846. The second person singular imperative active of #dīcō#, #dūcō#, and #faciō#, is usually #dīc#, #dūc#, and #fac#, respectively, though the full forms, #dīce#, &c., are also used, and are commoner in old Latin. Compounds of #dūcō# may have the short form: as, #ēdūc#. #ingerō# has once #inger# (Catull.). #sciō# has regularly the singular #scī-tō#, plural #scī-tōte#, rarely #scī-te#.
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE.
847. The imperfect indicative stem ends in #-bā-#, which becomes #-ba-# in some of the persons: as,
#daba-m#, #dabā-s#, #daba-t#, #dabā-mus#, #dabā-tis#, #daba-nt#; #ība-m#; #quība-m#. In verbs in #-ere# and #-ēre#, the suffix is preceded by a form ending in #-ē-#: as, #regēba-m#; #monēba-m#; so also #volēba-m# (#nōlēba-m#, #mālēba-m#), and #ferēba-m#; in verbs in #-iō#, #-ere#, and in #-iō#, #-īre#, by a form ending in #-iē-#: as, #capiēba-m#; #audiēba-m#; in verbs in #-āre#, by one ending in #-ā-#: as, #laudāba-m#. In verse, verbs in #-īre# sometimes have #-ī-# before the suffix (Plaut., Ter., Catull., Lucr., Verg., &c.): as, #audība-t#. #āiō#, _say_, has sometimes #a͡iba-m#, &c. (787).
848. The suffix of the imperfect indicative of #sum#, _am_, is #-ā-#, which becomes #-a-# before #-m#, #-t#, and #-nt# (35, 2, 3) the #s# becomes #r# between the vowels (154): #era-m#, #erā-s#, #era-t#, #erā-mus#, #erā-tis#, #era-nt#.
[Erratum: 848 ... #-m#, #-t#, and #-nt# (35, 2, 3) the #s# becomes #r# printed as shown: missing punctuation or conjunction?]
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.
849. The imperfect subjunctive stem ends in #-rē-#, which becomes #-re-# in some of the persons: as,
#dare-m#, #darē-s#, #dare-t#, #darē-mus#, #darē-tis#, #dare-nt#; #īre-m#, #fore-m#, #ferre-m#. In verbs in #-ere#, the #-rē-# is preceded by a form ending in #-e-#: as, #regere-m#, #capere-m#; in verbs in #-āre#, #-ēre#, and #-īre#, by one ending in #-ā-#, #-ē-#, or #-ī-#, respectively: as, #laudāre-m#, #monēre-m#, #audīre-m#.
850. The suffix of the imperfect subjunctive of #sum#, _am_, is #-sē-#, which becomes #-se-# in some of the persons; #esse-m#, #essē-s#, #esse-t#, #essē-mus#, #essē-tis#, #esse-nt#; so also #ēssē-s#, &c. (769). #volō#, _wish_, #nōlō#, _won’t_, and #mālō#, _prefer_, have #velle-m#, #nōlle-m#, and #mālle-m# respectively (166, 8).
[Erratum: 850 ... respectively (166, 8). (166, 8.)]
FUTURE.
851. The future stem of #sum#, _am_, is #er{o|e-}#: #erō#, #eri-s#, #eri-t#, #eri-mus#, #eri-tis#, #eru-nt#. #dō# has #dabō#, #eō# has #ībō#, and #queō# has #quībō#.
852. (1.) The future stem of verbs in #-ere# and #-īre# ends in #-a-# in the first person singular, otherwise in #-ē-#, which becomes #-e-# in some of the persons: as,
#rega-m#, #regē-s#, #rege-t#, #regē-mus#, #regē-tis#, #rege-nt#; #capia-m#, #capiē-s#, &c.; #audia-m#, #audiē-s#, &c. The first person singular is not a future form, but the subjunctive present, used with a future meaning (842); forms in #-em# occur in manuscripts of Plautus: as, #faciem#, #sinem#. Verbs in #-īre# sometimes have #-b{o|e-}#, chiefly in the dramatists: as, #scībō#, #opperībo-r# (Plaut., Ter.), #lēnību-nt# (Prop.); rarely verbs in #-ere# (819): as, #exsūgēbō# (Plaut.). For #reddibō#, instead of the usual #reddam#, see 757.
853. (2.) The future stem of verbs in #-āre# and #-ēre# ends in _-b{o|e-}_, which is preceded by a form ending in long #-ā-# or #-ē-# respectively: as,
#laudābō#, #laudābi-s#, #laudābi-t#, #laudābi-mus#, #laudābi-tis#, #laudābu-nt#. #monēbō#, #monēbi-s#, &c.
II. THE PERFECT SYSTEM.
PERFECT INDICATIVE STEM.
854. There are two kinds of perfect stems: (A.) Some verbs have as perfect stem a root, generally with some modification, but without a suffix (858-866). (B.) Some perfects are formed with a suffix, #-s-#, or #-v-# or #-u-# (867-875).
855. Some perfects of primitives are formed not from a root, but from the present stem without the formative vowel, treated as a root: as, #prehendī#, _seized_, from #prehend-# (866); #poposcī#, _asked_, #fefellī#, _deceived_ (858); #iūnxī#, _joined_ (867).
856. The first person of the perfect ends in #-ī#, sometimes written #ei# (29, 2). #-t#, #-stī#, sometimes written #-stei# (29, 2), #-stis#, and #-mus# are preceded by short #i#; #-re# is always, and #-runt# is usually, preceded by long #ē#: as,
#rēxī#, #rēxi-stī#, #rēxi-t#, #rēxi-mus#, #rēxi-stis#, #rēxē-runt# (#rēxe-runt#), or #rēxē-re#.
857. Sometimes #-t# is preceded by long #ī#: as, #iīt#, #petiīt#, REDIEIT (29, 2). #-runt# is sometimes preceded by short #e# (Plaut., Ter., Lucr., Hor., Ov., Verg., Phaedr.). This is the original form; #-ē-# is by analogy to #-ēre#.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
858. (1.) Some verbs in #-ere# form their perfect stem by prefixing to the root its initial consonant with the following vowel, which, if #a#, is usually represented by #e#; this is called the _Reduplicated Perfect_, and the first syllable is called the _Reduplication_: as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. pu-pug- pungō, _punch_ +pug-+ pe-pig- pangō, _fix_ +pag-+
Other examples are: #cadō#, _fall_, #cecidī# (#cad-#, 104, _c_); #pariō#, _bring forth_, #peperī# (#par-#, 104, _c_); #pellō#, _push_, #pepulī# (#pol-#, 105, _h_); #poscō#, _demand_, #poposcī# (855); #fallō#, _deceive_, #fefellī# (855, 104, _c_); see also 923-932. #caedō#, _cut_, has #cecīdī# (108, _a_); and a few old forms are quoted from verbs having an #o# or an #u# in the root with #e# in the reduplication: as, #memordī#, #pepugī#.
859. Four verbs with vowel roots also have a reduplicated perfect stem: #dō#, _give_, _put_, #dare#, #dedī#; #bibō#, _drink_, #bibere#, #bibī#; #stō#, _stand_, #stāre#, #stetī#, and #sistō#, _set_, #sistere#, #-stitī#, rarely #stitī#. Also four verbs in #-ēre#: #mordeō#, _bite_, #momordī#, #pendeō#, _hang_, #pependī#, #spondeō#, _promise_, #spopondī#, #tondeō#, _clip_, #-totondī#. In the root syllable of #spopondī#, _promised_, #stetī#, _stood_, #stitī#, _set_, and the old #scicidī#, _clove_, an #s# is dropped (173, 2).
860. In compounds the reduplication is commonly dropped: as,
#cecidī#, _fell_, compound #concidī#, _tumbled down_. Compounds of #cucurrī#, _ran_, sometimes retain the reduplication: as, #prōcucurrī#. Compounds of #bibī#, _drank_, #didicī#, _learned_, #poposcī#, _asked_, #stitī#, _set_, #stetī#, _stood_, and #dedī#, _gave_, _put_, retain it, the last two weakening #e# to #i#: as, #restitī#, _staid back_. #abscondidī#, _hid away_, usually becomes #abscondī#; in apparent compounds, #e# is usually retained: as, #circum stetī#, _stood round_, #vēnum dedī#, _put for sale_. The reduplication is also lost in the simple verbs #tulī#, _carried_, old #tetulī#, and in #scindō#, _split_, #scidī#, which last is rare as a simple verb.
861. Some compounds with #re-# drop only the vowel of the reduplication (111, _a_): as, #reccidī#, _fell back_; #rettulī#, _brought back_ (see also 781); #repperī#, _found_; #rettudī#, _beat back_. Some perfects occur only in composition: as, PERCELLŌ, _knock down_, #perculī#; #cōntundō#, _smash to pieces_, #contudī#; #diffindō#, _split apart_, #diffidī#; but #fidī# also occurs a couple of times as a simple verb.
862. (2.) Some verbs in #-ere# have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (135, 1): as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. ēd- edō, _eat_ +ed-+ lēg- legō, _pick up_, _read_ +leg-+
Other examples are: #fodiō#, _dig_, #fōdī#; #fundō#, _pour_, #fūdī#; #linquō#, _leave_, #līquī#; see 936-946. Three verbs in #-ēre# also have this form, #sedeō#, _sit_, #sēdī#, #strīdeō#, _grate_, #strīdī#, #videō#, _see_, #vīdī#; and one in #-īre#, #veniō#, _come_, #vēnī#.
863. The following verbs in #-ere# with #a# in the present stem, have long #ē# in the perfect stem (145):
#agō#, _do_, #ēgī#, #frangō#, _break_, #frēgī#, #pangō#, _fix_, rarely #pēgī#, but always #compēgī#, #impēgī#, #oppēgī#; #capiō#, _take_, #cēpī#, #faciō#, _make_, #fēcī#, #iaciō#, _throw_, #iēcī#. So also the old #co-ēpī#, _began_, common #coepī#.
864. Two verbs in #-āre# and some in #-ēre# have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in #-v-# and has a long vowel: #iuvō#, _help_, #iuvāre#, #iūvī#, #lavō#, _wash_, #lavāre# or #lavere#, #lāvī#; #caveō#, _look out_, #cavēre#, #cāvī#; see 996.
865. Verbs in #-uō#, #-uere#, both primitives and denominatives, have usually a perfect stem in short #u# of the theme (124): as, #luō#, _pay_, #luī#; #acuō#, _sharpen_, #acuī#: see 947, 948. Forms with long #ū# are old and rare (126): as, #fūī#, #adnūī#, #cōnstitūī#, #īnstitūī#. #fluō#, _flow_, and #struō#, _pile_, have #flūxī# and #strūxi# (830).
866. (3.) Some verbs in #-ere# from roots ending in two consonants have a perfect stem consisting of the root: as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. mand- mandō, _chew_ +mand-+ pand- pandō, _open_ +pand-+
Other examples are: #vortō# or #vertō#, _turn_, #vortī# or #vertī#; #scandō#, _climb_, #-scendī#; #prehendō#, _seize_, #prehendī# (855); #vollō# or #vellō#, _pluck_, #vollī# or #vellī#; see 949-951. Similarly #ferveō#, _boil_, #fervere# or #fervēre#, has #fervī# or #ferbuī# (823), and #prandeō#, _lunch_, #prandēre#, has #prandī#.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#, OR IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.
PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#.
867. Many verbs in #-ere# form their perfect stem by adding the suffix #-s-# to a root, which generally ends in a mute: as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. carp-s- carpō, _pluck_ +carp-+ scalp-s- scalpō, _dig_ +scalp-+ ges-s- gerō, _bear_ +ges-+ dīx- dīcō, _say_ +dīc-+
Other examples are: #dūcō#, _lead_, #dūxī# (100); #fingō#, _mould_, #fīnxī# (855); #lūdō#, _play_, #lūsī# (166, 2); #scrībō#, _write_, #scrīpsī# (164, 1); #struō#, _pile_, #strūxī# (164, 1); #vīvō#, _live_, #vīxī# (98). Some verbs with a short vowel in the present, have a long vowel in the perfect: as, #regō#, _guide_, #rēxī# (135); #intellegō#, _understand_, #intellēxī# (823); #tegō#, _cover_, #tēxī#; #iungō#, _join_, #iūnxī# (855). And some verbs with a long vowel in the present, have a short vowel in the perfect: as, #ūrō#, _burn_, #ussī# (830). See 952-961.
868. Some verbs in #-ēre# also have a perfect in #-s-#: as #algeō#, _am cold_, #alsī# (170, 3); #haereō#, _stick_, #haesī# (166, 2): see 999, 1000. Also some in #-īre#: as, #sarciō#, _patch_, #sarsī# (170, 3): see 1014, 1015.
[Errata: 867 ... scalp-s- final - missing #scrībō#, _write_ #scrībō# _write_]
PERFECT STEM IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.
869. (1.) Some verbs in #-ere#, with vowel roots, and almost all verbs in #-āre# or #-īre#, form their perfect stem by adding the suffix #-v-# to a theme ending in a long vowel: as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. crē-v- crēscō, _grow_ +crē-+ laudā-v- laudō, _praise_ laudā- audī-v- audiō, _hear_ audī-
For other verbs in #-ere# with a perfect stem in #-v-#, and particularly #terō#, #cernō#, #spernō#, and #sternō#, see 962-970.
870. A few verbs in #-ere# have a perfect stem in #-v-# attached to a presumed theme in long #ī#: as, #cupiō#, _want_, #cupīvī#; #petō#, _aim at_, #petīvī#; #quaerō#, _inquire_, #quaesīvī#; #arcēssō#, _fetch_, #arcēssīvī#; see 966-970.
871. A few verbs in #-ēre# also have a perfect stem in #-v-#: as, #fleō#, _weep_, #flēre#, #flēvī#; see 1001-1003. And three verbs in #-ēscere# have a perfect stem in #-v-# attached to a presumed theme in long #ē#: #-olēscō#, _grow_, #-olēvī#; #quiēscō#, _get quiet_, #quiēvī#; #suēscō#, _get used_, #suēvī#.
872. One verb in #-āscere# has a perfect stem in #-v-# attached to a presumed theme in long #ā#: #advesperāscit#, _it gets dusk_, #advesperāvit#.
873. (2.) Many verbs in #-ere# form their perfect stem by adding the suffix #-u-# to a consonant root: as,
PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. al-u- alō, _nurture_ +al-+ gen-u- gignō, _beget_ +gen-+
Other examples are: #colō#, _cultivate_, #coluī#; #cōnsulō#, _consult_, #cōnsuluī#; #-cumbō#, _lie_, #-cubuī#; #fremō#, _roar_, #fremuī#; #ēliciō#, _draw out_, #ēlicuī#; #molō#, _grind_, #moluī#; #rapiō#, _snatch_, #rapuī#; #serō#, _string_, #-seruī#; #stertō#, _snore_, #-stertuī#; #strepō#, _make a racket_, #strepuī#; #texō#, _weave_, #texuī#; #volō#, _will_, #voluī#; #compescō#, _check_, #compescuī# (855); see 971-976.
874. Some verbs in #-āre# also have a perfect stem in #-u-#: as, #crepō#, _rattle_, #crepāre#, #crepuī# (993); and many in #-ēre#: as, #moneō#, _warn_, #monēre#, #monuī#: see 1004-1006; also four in #-īre#: as, #saliō#, _leap_, #salīre#, #saluī# (1019).
875. The perfect #potuī# to the present #possum# (751) is from a lost present #*poteō#, #*potēre# (922). #pōnere# (for #*po-sinere#, 112; 170, 2) forms an old perfect #posīvī# (964), later #posuī#, as if #pos-# were the stem.
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.
876. The perfect subjunctive stem ends in #-erī-#, for which #-eri-# is sometimes used (35, 2, 3): as,
#rēxeri-m#, #rēxerī-s#, #rēxeri-t#, #rēxerī-mus#, #rēxerī-tis#, #rēxeri-nt#.
877. In the perfect subjunctive, long #ī# is found before the person endings #-s#, #-mus#, and #-tis#, some 25 times, as follows: #-īs#, 18 times (Plaut. 3, Pac., Enn., Ter., Hor., Tib., Sen., inscr., once each, Ov. 8), #-īmus#, 4 times (Plaut. 3, Ter. 1), #-ītis#, 3 times (Plaut. 2, Enn. 1).
878. In the perfect subjunctive, short #i# is found, as in the future perfect, some 9 times, thus: #-is#, 8 times (Plaut. in anapests 3, Verg. 2, Hor. 3), #-imus# once (Verg.). But before #-tis#, short #i# is not found.
PERFECT IMPERATIVE.
879. One verb only, #meminī#, _remember_, has a perfect imperative; in this imperative, the person endings are not preceded by a vowel, thus: #memen-tō#, #memen-tōte#.
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE.
880. The pluperfect indicative stem ends in #-erā-#, which becomes #-era-# in some of the persons: as,
#rēxera-m#, #rēxerā-s#, #rēxera-t#, #rēxerā-mus#, #rēxerā-tis#, #rēxera-nt#.
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.
881. The pluperfect subjunctive stem ends in #-issē-#, which becomes #-isse-# in some of the persons: as,
#rēxisse-m#, #rēxissē-s#, #rēxisse-t#, #rēxissē-mus#, #rēxissē-tis#, #rēxisse-nt#.
FUTURE PERFECT.
882. The future perfect stem ends in #-erō-# and #-eri-#: as,
#rēxerō#, #rēxeri-s#, #rēxeri-t#, #rēxeri-mus#, #rēxeri-tis#, #rēxeri-nt#.
883. In the future perfect, short #i# is found before the person endings #-s#, #-mus#, and #-tis#, some 40 times, as follows: #-is#, 29 times (Plaut. 2, Cic. 1, Catull. 1, Verg. 7, Hor. 12, Ov. 4, Germ. 1, Juv. 1); #-imus#, 3 times (Plaut., Ter., Lucr.); #-itis#, 8 times (Enn. 1, Plaut. 5, Ov. 2).
884. In the future perfect, long #ī# is found, as in the perfect subjunctive, some 33 times, thus: #-īs#, 28 times (Plaut. 3, Hor. 5, Ov. 15, Prop., Stat., Mart., Priap., inscr., once each), #-īmus#, once (Catull.), #-ītis#, 4 times (Ov. 3, Priap. 1).
SHORT OR OLD FORMS.
885. (1.) Some shorter forms in the perfect system are principally found in old Latin.
886. (_a._) Shorter forms in the perfect indicative, the pluperfect subjunctive, and the infinitive, most of them from perfects in #-s-# (867), occur chiefly in verse: thus,
Perfect indicative, second person singular, common: as, #dīxtī# (Plaut., Ter., Cic.); plural, rare: as, #accestis# (Verg.). Pluperfect subjunctive singular, not very common: as, #exstīnxem# (Verg.), #intellēxēs# (Plaut.), #vīxet# (Verg.); plural, once only, #ērēpsēmus# (Hor.). Infinitive, #dīxe# (Plaut.), #cōnsūmpse# (Lucr.).
887. (_b._) A perfect subjunctive stem in #-sī-# or in #-ssī-#, and a future perfect indicative stem in #-s{o|e-}# or in #-ss{o|e-}#, occur chiefly in old laws and prayers, and in dramatic verse: as,
Perfect subjunctive: #faxim#, #faxīs#, FAXSEIS (inscr. 145 B.C.), #faxit#, #faxīmus#, #faxītis#, #faxint#; #ausim#, #ausīs#, #ausit#; #locāssim#, #amāssīs#, #servāssit#, #amāssint#, #prohibēssīs#, #prohibēssit#, #cohibēssit#, #licēssit#.
Future perfect indicative: #faxō#, #faxis#, #faxit#, #faxitis#, #capsō#, #recepsō#, #iussō#, #occīsit#, #capsimus#; #levāssō#, #invītāssitis#, #mulcāssitis#, #exoculāssitis#, #prohibēssis#, #prohibēssint#. Denominatives in #-āre# have also, in old Latin, a future perfect infinitive: as, #impetrāssere#.
888. Passive inflections, as future perfect #faxitur#, #turbāssitur#, deponent MERCASSITVR (inscr. 111 B.C.), are very rare; and, indeed, with the exception of #faxō# and #ausim#, even the active forms had become antiquated by 150 B.C. Denominatives in #-īre# never have the above formations. But #ambiō#, _canvass_, is thought to have a future perfect #ambīssit# twice (Plaut. prol.).
889. (2.) Shortened forms from perfect stems formed by the suffix #-v-# (869) are very common in all periods.
890. (_a._) In tenses formed from perfect stems in #-āv-#, #-ēv-#, and #-ōv-#, #v# is often dropped before #-is-#, #-ēr-#, or #-er-#, and the vowels thus brought together are contracted (153, 1): as,
#laudāvistī#, #laudāstī#; #laudāvistis#, #laudāstis#; #laudāvērunt#, #laudārunt# (but the form in #-re#, as #laudāvēre#, is never contracted); #laudāverim#, #laudārim#, &c.; #laudāveram#, #laudāram#, &c.; #laudāvissem#, #laudāssem#, &c.; #laudāverō#, #laudārō#, &c.; #laudāvisse#, #laudāsse#.
#-plēvistī#, #-plēstī#; #-plēvistis#, #-plēstis#; #-plēvērunt#, #-plērunt#; #plēverim#, #-plērim#, &c.; #-plēveram#, #-plēram#, &c.; #-plēvissem#, #-plēssem#, &c.; #-plēverō#, #-plērō#, &c.; #-plēvisse#, #-plēsse#.
#nōvistī#, #nōstī#; #nōvistis#, #nōstis#; #nōvērunt#, #nōrunt#; #nōverim#, #nōrim#, &c.; #nōveram#, #nōram#, &c.; #nōvissem#, #nōssem#, &c.; #nōverō# always retains the #v#, but #cōgnōrō#, &c.; #nōvisse#, #nōsse#.
891. The verbs in which #v# belongs to the root (864), are not thus shortened, except #moveō#, mostly in compounds. From #iuvō#, #iuerint# (Catull.), #adiuerō# (Enn.), once each, and twice #adiuerit# (Plaut., Ter.) are unnecessary emendations.
892. Contractions in the perfect before #-t# and #-mus# are rare: as, #inrītāt#, #disturbāt#; #suēmus# or #su͡emus# (Lucr.), #nōmus# (Enn.), #cōnsu͡emus# (Prop.).
893. (_b._) In tenses formed from perfect stems in #-īv-#, #v# is often dropped before #-is-#, #-ēr-#, or #-er-#; but contraction is common only in the forms which have #-is-#: as,
#audīvistī#, #audīstī#; #audīvistis#, #audīstis#; #audīvērunt#, #audiērunt#; #audīverim#, #audierim#, &c.; #audīveram#, #audieram#, &c.; #audīvissem#, #audīssem#, &c.; #audīverō#, #audierō#, &c.; #audīvisse#, #audīsse#. Sometimes #audiī#, #audiit#, #audīt#. Intermediate between the long and the short forms are #audīerās# and #audīerit#, once each (Ter.). In the perfect subjunctive, #sinō# has #sīverīs# (Plaut., Cato), #sīrīs# (Plaut., Cato, Liv.), #sīreis# (Pac.), or #seirīs# (Plaut.), #sīrit# (Plaut., Liv.), #sīrītis# (Plaut.), #sīverint# (Plaut., Curt.), #sierint# (Cic., Curt.), or #sīrint# (Plaut.). #dēsinō# is thought to have #dēsīmus# in the perfect indicative a couple of times (Sen., Plin. _Ep._).
NOUNS OF THE VERB.
INFINITIVE.
894. The active infinitive has the ending #-re# in the present, and #-isse# in the perfect: as,
#dare#; #regere#, #capere#; #laudāre#, #monēre#, #audīre#. #rēxisse#; #laudāvisse# or #laudāsse#, #monuisse#, #audīvisse# or #audīsse#.