Part 47

#eius negōtium sīc velim suscipiās, ut sī esset rēs mea#, _Fam._ 2, 14, _I wish you would undertake his business, just as if it were my own affair_. #mē audiās, precor, tamquam sī mihī̆ quirītantī intervēnissēs#, L. 40, 9, 7, _listen to me, I pray you, as if you had come at a cry from me for help_. #iūs iūrandum perinde aestimandum quam sī Iovem fefellisset#, Ta. 1, 73, _as for the oath, it must be counted exactly as if he had broken one sworn on the name of Jupiter_. This is the more usual way in Cicero with #ut sī#.

2121. #quasi#, #ut#, or, from Livy on, #tamquam# or #velut#, _as if_, is sometimes used with participle constructions, nouns, and abridged expressions: as,

#quasi temere dē rē pūblicā locūtus in carcerem coniectus est#, _DN._ 2, 6, _on the ground that he had been speaking without good authority about a state matter, he was clapped in jail_. #restitēre Rōmānī tamquam caelestī vōce iussī#, L. 1, 12, 7, _the Romans halted as if bidden by a voice from heaven_. #laetī, ut explōrātā victōriā, ad castra pergunt#, 3, 18, 8, _in high spirits, as if victory were assured, they proceeded to the camp_.

2122. In old Latin, #quasi# is found a few times for the original #quam sī# after a comparative: as, #mē nēmō magis respiciet, quasi abhinc ducentōs annōs fuerim mortuos#, Pl. _Tru._ 340, _nobody will pay any more attention to me than if I had been dead two centuries_. It is also used (once in classical Latin, _CM._ 71) in periods of actual comparison, like #tamquam# (1908), with the indicative: as, #senex ille illī dīxit, quasi ego nunc tibi dīcō#, Pl. _St._ 545, _that old man said to him, as I now say to you_. For its use in figurative comparisons, see 1908, 1944. For #tamquam# introducing a reason &c., see 1909, a late usage found rarely with #quasi# and #ut#.

[Erratum: 2120 ... This is the more usual way in Cicero with #ut sī#. #ut si#.]

CONNECTION OF SEPARATE SENTENCES OR PERIODS.

2123. Separate sentences or periods have a connective more commonly in Latin than in English. Sometimes, however, like the members of single periods, they are for special reasons put _asyndetically_ (1637).

(A.) WITHOUT A CONNECTIVE.

2124. Asyndeton is common with two or more separate sentences or periods:

2125. (_a._) To represent a series of actions as occurring at the same moment: as,

#hīc diffīsus suae salūtī ex tabernāculō prōdit; videt imminēre hostēs; capit arma atque in portā cōnsistit; cōnsequuntur hunc centuriōnēs; relinquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptīs vulneribus#, 6, 38, 2, _despairing of his life, he comes out of the tent; sees the enemy close at hand; seizes arms and takes his stand at the gate; the centurions rally round him; Sextius becomes unconscious, receiving severe wounds_.

2126. (_b._) When an occurrence is represented as consisting of many successive actions: the _Enumerative Asyndeton_: as,

#perōrāvit aliquandō, adsēdit. surrēxī ego. respīrāre vīsus est, quod nōn alius potius dīceret. coepī dīcere. usque eō animadvertī, iūdicēs, eum aliās rēs agere, antequam Chrȳsogonum nōmināvi; quem simul atque attigī, statim homō sē ērēxit, mīrārī vīsus est. intellēxī quid eum pupugisset#, _RA._ 60, _after a while he wound up, took his seat; up rose your humble servant. He seemed to take courage from the fact it was nobody else. I began to speak. I noticed, gentlemen, that he was inattentive all along till I named Chrysogonus; but the moment I touched on him, the creature perked up at once, seemed to be surprised. I knew what the rub was._

2127. (_c._) When the last sentence sums up the result of the preceding with emphasis: the _Asyndeton of Summary_: as,

#hī dē suā salūte dēspērantēs, aut suam mortem miserābantur, aut parentēs suōs commendābant. plēna erant omnia timōris et lūctūs#, Caes. _C._ 2, 41, 8, _despairing of their lives, they either bewailed their own death, or strove to interest people in their parents. In short, it was one scene of terror and lamentation._

(B.) WITH A CONNECTIVE.

2128. Separate sentences or periods may be connected: (1.) by pronominal words: (_a._) demonstrative or determinative; (_b._) relative; (2.) by conjunctions and adverbs.

(1.) PRONOMINAL WORDS.

(_a._) DEMONSTRATIVE AND DETERMINATIVE WORDS AS CONNECTIVES.

2129. #hīc# and #is# serve as connectives at the beginning of a new period. In English the equivalent word is usually placed not at the beginning as a connective, but after some words.

#Gallia est dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam Celtae. hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt#, 1, 1, 1, _Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which is occupied by Belgians, another by Aquitanians, and the third by Kelts. In language, customs, and laws these are all different from each other._ #apud Helvētiōs nōbilissimus fuit Orgetorīx. is M. Messālā et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis fēcit#, 1, 2, 1, _among the Helvetians the man of highest rank was Orgetorix. In the consulship of Messala and Piso he got up a conspiracy among the nobles._ #angustōs sē fīnīs habēre arbitrābantur. hīs rēbus adductī cōnstituērunt ea quae ad proficīscendum pertinērent comparāre. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās biennium sibī̆ satis esse dūxērunt. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur. is sibī̆ lēgātiōnem suscēpit#, 1, 2, 5, _they thought they had a narrow territory; so they resolved in consequence to make such preparations as were necessary for a move. They considered two years ample to do this. Orgetorix is chosen to do this. He took upon himself the office of envoy._

2130. Particularly common are demonstrative words at the beginning of a new period, to show that the first action necessarily took place or was natural.

#Dionȳsius tyrannus Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat; usque eō imperiō carēre nōn poterat#, _TD._ 3, 27, _after his expulsion from Syracuse, the tyrant Dionysius kept school at Corinth; so incapable was he of getting along without governing_.

(_b._) RELATIVES AS CONNECTIVES.

2131. #quī# serves to connect a new period when it may be translated by a demonstrative, or when it is equivalent to #et is#, #is autem#, #is enim#, #is igitur#: as,

#perpetrāret Anicētus prōmissa. quī nihil cunctātus poscit summam sceleris#, Ta. 14, 7, _Anicetus must carry out his agreement. Without any ado he asks to have the entire management of the crime._ For other examples, see 1835.

2132. The neuter accusative #quod#, _as to that_, _as to which_, _whereas_, _now_, _so_, is used to connect a new period, especially before #sī#, #nisi#, #etsī#, #utinam# (1837): as,

#quod sī tū valērēs, iam mihī̆ quaedam explōrāta essent#, _Att._ 7, 2, 6, _whereas if you were well yourself, some points would have been clear to me before this_. #quod sī diūtius alātur contrōversia, fore utī pars cum parte cīvitātis cōnflīgat#, 7, 32, 5, _now if the dispute be kept up any longer, one half of the community would quarrel with the other_. #quod nisi mīlitēs essent dēfessī, omnēs hostium cōpiae dēlērī potuissent#, 7, 88, 6, _so if the soldiers had not been utterly spent, all the forces of the enemy might have been exterminated_.

(2.) CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS.

2133. The conjunctions and adverbs used to coordinate sentences are: (_a._) copulative and disjunctive; (_b._) concessive and adversative; (_c._) causal and illative.

(_a._) COPULATIVE AND DISJUNCTIVE.

#et#, #neque# or #nec#, #-que#, #atque# or #ac#, #aut#.

#et.#

2134. #et#, _and_, simply adds, as in English (1645). But it is often used in such a connection that a modification of the translation is required to bring out the sense.

2135. #et# may continue the discourse with a concessive sentence, which is to be followed by an adversative. In such cases #quidem# often stands in the concessive sentence: as,

#prīmōrēs cīvitātis eadem ōrant. et cēterī quidem movēbant minus; postquam Sp. Lucrētius agere coepit, cōnsul abdicāvit sē cōnsulātū#, L. 2, 2, 8, _the head men of the state make the same request. Now the others did not influence him much. But when Lucretius began to take steps the consul resigned his consulship._

2136. #et#, _and strange to say_, _and if you’d believe it_, introduces something unexpected: as,

#iamque trēs laureātae in urbe statuae, et adhūc raptābat Āfricam Tacfarinās#, Ta. 4, 23, _there were already three triumphal statues in Rome, and, strange to say, Tacfarinas was still harrying Africa_.

2137. #et#, _and really_, _and in fact_, _and to be sure_; in this sense it is usually followed immediately by the verb: as,

#multa quae nōn volt videt. et multa fortasse quae volt!# _CM._ 25, _one sees much that one would not. Aye, and much perhaps that one would!_

2138. #et# introducing a sentence explaining in detail a general idea before given may be translated _namely_: as,

#cōnsulēs religiō tenēbat, quod prōdigiīs aliquot nūntiātīs, nōn facile litābant. et ex Campāniā nūntiāta erant Capuae sepulchra aliquot dē caelō tācta#, L. 27, 23, 1, _the consuls were detained by scruple, because several prodigies were reported, and they could not readily obtain good omens; namely from Campania it was reported that at Capua several tombs were struck by lightning_.

2139. #et#, _and also_, _and besides_: as,

#Pūnicae quoque victōriae sīgnum octō ductī elephantī. et nōn minimum fuēre spectāculum praecēdentēs Sōsis et Moericus#, L. 26, 21, 9, _as an emblem of the Punic victory also, elephants to the number of eight marched in parade. And furthermore not the least attractive part of the pageant were Sosis and Moericus, moving at the head of the line._

2140. #et#, _and yet_, introduces a contrast or opposition: as,

#canōrum illud in vōce splendēscit etiam in senectūte, quod equidem adhūc nōn āmīsī; et vidētis annōs#, _CM._ 28, _the musical element in the voice actually improves in old age, and this I have not yet lost. And yet you see my years._

#neque# or #nec#.

2141. #nec#, _and really . . . not_, _and in fact . . . not_: as,

#magnō cum perīculō suō, quī forte patrum in forō erant, in eam turbam incidērunt. nec temperātum manibus foret, nī properē cōnsulēs intervēnissent#, L. 2, 23, 9, _it was with great personal risk to such of the fathers as happened to be in the market place, that they got into the crowd. And in fact acts of violence would have occurred, unless the consuls had made haste to interfere._

2142. #nec#, _and to be sure . . . not_: as,

#centum vīgintī līctōrēs cum fascibus secūrēs inligātās praeferēbant. nec attinuisse dēmī secūrem, cum sine prōvocātiōne creātī essent, interpretābantur#, L. 3, 36, 4, _a hundred and twenty lictors with rods displayed axes bound in them. And to be sure they explained the matter thus, that there would have been no propriety in having the axe taken out, since the officers were appointed without any appeal._

2143. #nec#, _not . . . either_, _nor either_, _neither_: as,

#eō annō vīs morbī levāta. neque ā pēnūriā frūmentī perīculum fuit#, L. 4, 25, 6, _that year the violence of the plague grew less. Nor was there any danger from lack of grain either._

2144. #nec#, _but . . . not_: as,

#missī tamen fētiālēs. nec eōrum verba sunt audīta#, L. 4, 30, 14, _however the fetials were sent. But they were not listened to._

#-que.#

2145. #-que#, _and likewise_: as,

#huic duōs flāminēs adiēcit. virginēsque Vestae lēgit#, L. 1, 20, 2, _to this god he assigned two special priests. And he likewise chose maids for Vesta._

2146. #-que#, _and in fact_, _and so_, _and in general_: as,

#tum quoque male pugnātum est. obsessaque urbs foret, nī Horātius esset revocātus#, L. 2, 51, 2, _then also there was an unsuccessful engagement. And in fact Rome would have been besieged, unless Horatius had been recalled._

#atque# or #ac#.

2147. #atque#, _and besides_, _and more than that_, _and actually_: as,

#ex quō efficitur animantem esse mundum. atque ex hōc quoque intellegī poterit in eō inesse intellegentiam, quod certē est mundus melior quam ūlla nātūra#, _DN._ 2, 32, _from which it follows that the universe is alive. And more than that, we can see that it has sense from the following circumstance, that the universe is certainly superior to any element of the universe._

2148. #atque#, _and so_, _and consequently_: as,

#impedior religiōne quōminus expōnam quam multa P. Sēstius sēnserit. atque nihil dīcō praeter ūnum#, _Sest._ 8, _I am prevented by scruples from setting forth how much Sestius was aware of. And so I will only say one thing._

#aut.#

2149. #aut# is used to add a new sentence in the sense of #aliōquī#, _or else_, _otherwise_, or as if #nisi#, _unless_, preceded: as,

#omnia bene sunt ē̆ī dīcenda, aut ēloquentiae nōmen relinquendum est#, _DO._ 2, 5, _he must be able to speak well on all subjects, or else he must waive the name of an eloquent man_.

(_b._) CONCESSIVE AND ADVERSATIVE.

2150. A new concessive period is introduced by #sānē#, #quidem#, #omnīnō#, _to be sure_, or #fortasse#, _perhaps_: as,

#Plīnius et Cluvius nihil dubitātum dē fidē praefectī referunt. sānē Fabius inclīnat ad laudēs Senecae#, Ta. 13, 20, _Pliny and Cluvius say that there was no doubt about the loyalty of the prefect. Fabius, it must be admitted, is always inclined to eulogize Seneca._ #id fortasse nōn perfēcimus; cōnātī quidem saepissimē sumus#, _O._ 210, _perhaps we have not attained to it; still we have very often made the attempt_.

2151. A new adversative sentence is introduced by #autem#, _again_, #sed#, #vērum#, _but_, #vērō#, _but_, _indeed_, #at#, _but_, or #tamen#, #nihilō minus#, _nevertheless_.

These words when used to connect sentences have the same meaning as when used to connect the parts of a sentence (1676).

2152. #atquī#, rarely #atquīn#, _and yet_, _but_, is used chiefly in dialogue. It introduces a strong objection, sometimes in the form of a conditional protasis. From Cicero on, it is sometimes found after a question, to introduce an earnest denial.

#nōn sum apud mē :: atquī opus est nunc quom maxumē ut sīs#, T. _Ph._ 204, _I’m all abroad :: but that’s just exactly where you must n’t be now_. #nōn vereor condiscipulōrum nē quis exaudiat :: atquī cavendum est#, _Leg._ 1, 21, _I’m not afraid of being overheard by any of my fellow-students :: and yet you must be on your guard_. #sine veniat. atquī sī illam digitō attigerit ūnō, oculī īlicō ecfodientur#, T. _Eu._ 739, _let him come on. But if he lays a finger on the maid, we’ll scratch his eyes out on the spot._ #quid vērō? modum statuārum habērī nūllum placet? atquī habeātur necesse est#, _V._ 2, 144, _what? is there, think you, to be no end to your statues? Yet there must be._

2153. #quamquam#, #etsī#, #tametsī#, _though_, and #nisi#, _but_, are sometimes used to coordinate a new period, correcting the preceding: as,

#carēre sentientis est, nec sēnsus in mortuō, nē carēre quidem igitur in mortuō est. quamquam quid opus est in hōc philosophārī?# _TD._ 1, 88, _foregoing requires a sentient being, and there is no sensation in a dead man; therefore there is no foregoing either in a dead man. And yet what is the use of philosophizing over this?_ #utram mālīs vidē; etsī cōnsilium quod cēpī rēctum esse sciō#, T. _Hau._ 326, _of these two states choose which you will; though I am sure my plan’s the right one_. #cūr ego nōn adsum? tametsī hoc minimē tibī̆ deest#, _Fam._ 2, 7, 2, _why am I not with you? though this is the very last thing you need_. #spērābam dēfervisse adulēscentiam: ecce autem dē integrō! nisi quidquid est, volō hominem convenīre#, T. _Ad._ 152, _I hoped his youthful passion had cooled down; yet here it is afresh! But be it what it may, I want to see the fellow_.

(_c._) CAUSAL AND ILLATIVE.

2154. #nam#, #enim#, _for_, or #namque#, #etenim#, _for you see_, introduces a new period which gives the reason of the foregoing: as,

#quā quidem ex rē hominum multitūdō cōgnōscī potuit: nam minus hōrīs tribus mūnītiōnem perfēcērunt#, 5, 42, 4, _and from this by the way their numbers could be gauged; for they made a breastwork in less than three hours_. #quem meminisse potestis: annō enim ūndēvīcēsimō post eius mortem hī cōnsulēs factī sunt#, _CM._ 14, _you can remember him: for the present consuls were created only nineteen years after his death_.

2155. The originally asseverative meaning of #nam# appears, even in the classical period, in colloquial language: as, #tibī̆ ā mē nūlla ortast iniūria :: nam hercle etiam hoc restat#, T. _Ad._ 189, _I’ve ne’er done you a wanton wrong :: aye verily that’s still to come_. In old Latin, it sometimes introduces a question: as, #nam quae haec anus est?# T. _Ph._ 732, _why, who’s this old woman?_ Frequently it introduces an explanation or illustration, and, from Cicero on, a remark or question made in passing: as, #sīc enim sēsē rēs habet: nam Odyssīa Latīna est sīc tamquam opus Daedalī#, _Br._ 71, _the case stands thus: the Odyssey in Latin is, you may say, a regular work of Daedalus_ (1908). #vīvō Catōne multī ōrātōrēs flōruērunt: nam A. Albīnus#, _Br._ 81, _many orators flourished in Cato’s lifetime: for example, Albinus_. #nam quid dē aedīle loquar?# _Sest._ 95, _for why speak of the aedile?_ #enim# does not differ essentially in use from #nam#; for its meaning in old Latin, see 1688. #namque# is rare until Livy, and usually (always in old Latin) stands before a vowel. #etenim# is common only in classical Latin.

2156. For #quippe#, _why_, often used as a coordinating word, see 1690.

2157. #proinde# or #proin#, _therefore_, _so_, introduces a command or direction based upon the foregoing: as,

#ōrātiōnem spērat invēnisse sē, quī differat tē: proin tū fac apud tē ut siēs#, T. _Andr._ 407, _he trusts he’s found some phrase wherewith he may confound you: so see you have your wits about you_. #frūstrā meae vītae subvenīre cōnāminī. proinde abīte, dum est facultās#, 7, 50, 6, _in vain ye try to save my life. So away, while ye have the power._ #iam undique silvae et sōlitūdō magna cōgitātiōnis incitāmenta sunt. proinde cum vēnābere, licēbit pugillārēs ferās#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 6, 2, _then again the surrounding woods and the loneliness are powerful stimulants to meditation. So when you go hunting, you can take a note book with you._

2158. A conclusion is denoted by #ergō#, #itaque# or #igitur#, _therefore_, _so_, introducing a new period: as,

#nihil est praestantius deō; ab eō igitur mundum necesse est regī. nūllī igitur est nātūrae subiectus deus. omnem ergō regit ipse nātūram#, _DN._ 2, 77, _nothing is more excellent than god. Therefore the universe must be governed by him. Therefore god is in no respect subject to nature. Consequently he rules all nature himself._ For the position of these words in their clauses, see 1688; for #ergō igitur# and #itaque ergō#, 1689. For #hinc#, #inde#, #eō#, #ideō#, #idcircō#, #proptereā#, as coordinating words, see 1691.

AFFIRMATIVE COORDINATION.

2159. A new sentence affirmative of a foregoing is often introduced by an emphatic #sīc# or #ita#.

These words often introduce a general truth which is deduced from the first statement.

#vīsne igitur tē īnspiciāmus ā puerō? sīc opīnor; ā prīncipiō ōrdiāmur#, _Ph._ 2, 44, _would you like to have us look into your record from boyhood? Yes, I think it would be well; let us begin at the beginning._ #quī dīligēbant hunc, illī favēbant. sīc est volgus: ex vēritāte pauca, ex opīniōne multa aestimat#, _RC._ 29, _everybody who loved him, smiled on the other man. Yes, that is always the way of the world: it seldom judges by truth, often by hearsay._

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

THE INFINITIVE.

2160. The infinitive is in its origin a verbal substantive.

2161. The present infinitive active is an ancient dative, closely resembling in meaning and use the English infinitive with _to_. It originally marked action merely in a general way, without indication of voice or tense. In virtue of this original timeless character, the present often represents action which is really past or future; in such cases the time must be inferred from the context.

2162. The present infinitive active gradually approached the character of a verb, and the original substantive nature being forgotten, it was supplemented by a passive, and by forms for completed and for future

## action, active and passive.

2163. The infinitive has furthermore two other properties of the verb: (_a._) it is modified by an adverb, not by an adjective; and (_b._) it is followed by the construction of its verb.

OLD AND POETICAL USE OF THE INFINITIVE.

THE INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE.

2164. The infinitive denotes purpose: (_a._) when loosely added to a substantive in old Latin, (_b._) with verbs of motion, #eō#, #veniō#, #currō#, #mittō#, in old or poetical Latin, and (_c._) in the combination #dō bibere#, _give to drink_, in old, colloquial, or poetical Latin: as,

(_a._) #occāsiō benefacta cumulāre#, Pl. _Cap._ 423, _a chance to pile up kindnesses_. Parallel with a gerund: #summa ēlūdendī occāsiōst mihi nunc senēs et Phaedriae cūram adimere argentāriam#, T. _Ph._ 885, _I’ve now a splendid chance the greybeards of eluding and Phaedria to rescue from his money cares_. (_b._) #recurre petere rē recentī#, Pl. _Tri._ 1015, _run back to get it ere it is too late_. #voltisne eāmus vīsere?# T. _Ph._ 102, _do you think we’d better go to call?_ #parasītum mīsī nudiusquārtus Cāriam petere argentum#, Pl. _Cur._ 206, _my parasite I sent four days ago to Caria, to fetch the cash_. #nec dulcēs occurrent ōscula nātī praeripere#, Lucr. 3, 895, _nor shall thy children dear come running kiss on kiss to snatch_. #nōn nōs ferrō Libycōs populāre penātīs vēnimus#, V. 1, 527, _we are not come with steel to harry Libya’s hearths_. (_c._) #bibere dā usque plēnīs cantharīs#, Pl. _Per._ 821, _keep giving on to drink with brimming bowls_. #bibere# is thus used by Plautus, Terence, Cato, and Livy, and by Cicero once with #ministrō#. In classical prose, purpose is expressed by the subjunctive with #ut# or a relative pronoun, or by a gerund or gerundive with #ad# or #causā#.

2165. In poetry, the infinitive of purpose is used with synonymes of #dō# also, and with verbs of leaving, taking away, taking up, &c.

#huic lōrīcam dōnat habēre#, V. 5, 259, _on him a corselet he bestows to wear_. #trīstitiam et metūs trādam protervīs in mare Crēticum portāre ventīs#, H. 1, 26, 1, _sadness and fears I’ll to the wanton winds consign, to sweep into the Cretic sea_. #quis sibi rēs gestās Augustī scrībere sūmit?# H. _E._ 1, 3, 7, _who takes it on himself Augustus’ deeds to pen?_ #quem virum aut hērōa lyrā vel ācrī tībiā sūmis celebrāre?# H. 1, 12, 1, _what hero or what demigod dost thou take up, to ring his praises on the rebec or the piercing pipe?_

THE INFINITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES.

2166. The infinitive is sometimes used with adjectives, chiefly by poets of the Augustan age, and late prose writers, often in imitation of a Greek idiom: as,

#indoctum iuga ferre nostra#, H. 2, 6, 2, _not taught our yoke to bear_. #avidī committere pugnam#, O. 5, 75, _hot to engage in fight_. #sōlī cantāre perītī Arcades#, V. _E._ 10, 32, _Arcadians alone in minstrelsy are skilled_. #vitulus niveus vidērī#, H. 4, 2, 59, _a bullock snow-white to behold_, i.e. #vīsū# (2274). These infinitives are of different kinds, some of them resembling a complementary infinitive, others a gerund or gerundive construction, the supine in #-tū# (#-sū#), &c., &c.

THE ORDINARY USE OF THE INFINITIVE.

2167. The infinitive is ordinarily used either as object or as subject of a verb.

(A.) THE INFINITIVE AS OBJECT.

THE COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE.

2168. The present infinitive is often used to complete the meaning of certain kinds of verbs which imply another action of the same subject: as,