Part 52
#Sōcratēs dīcere solēbat, omnēs in eō quod scīrent, satis esse ēloquentēs#, _DO._ 1, 63, _Socrates used to maintain that all men were eloquent enough in a matter which they understood_ (1766). #dīcēbam quoad metuerēs, omnia tē prōmissūrum#, _Ph._ 2, 89, _I said that as long as you were afraid, you would promise everything_ (1771). #cōgnōvit Suēbōs posteā quam pontem fierī comperissent, nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsisse#, 4, 19, 2, _he ascertained that after the Suebans had learned of the building of the bridge, they had sent out messengers in every direction_ (1772). For other examples, see 1746-1772.
2323. But the present and perfect subjunctive are often used, especially when the main verb is present, or for vividness after a secondary tense.
#Alexandrum Philippus accūsat quod largitiōne benevolentiam Macedonum cōnsectētur#, _Off._ 2, 53, _Philip accuses Alexander of courting the favour of the Macedonians by the use of money_ (1746, 1853). #initium quod huic cum mātre fuerit simultātis audīstis#, _Clu._ 17, _you have heard the origin of the enmity which was between the defendant and his mother_ (1746). #Ariovistus respondit: stīpendium capere iūre bellī quod victōrēs victīs imponere cōnsuerint#, 1, 44, 1, _Ariovistus answered that it was by the laws of war that he took the tribute which victors were wont to lay upon the vanquished_ (1755). For other examples, see 1746-1772.
2324. The future of direct discourse is represented in indirect discourse by the imperfect, and the future perfect by the pluperfect subjunctive.
#sē quod ē rē pūblicā esset factūrum#, L. 28, 45, 3, _that he would do what should be for the interests of the state_ (1766). #sē nōn ante coeptūrum quam ignem in rēgiīs castrīs cōnspexisset#, L. 30, 5, 5, _that he would not begin before he saw fire in the royal camp_ (1766, 1921). The present or perfect subjunctive also is found when the main verb requires. For other examples, see 1746-1772.
(3.) PRONOUN.
2325. #ego# and #nōs#, of direct discourse, are represented by #sē# in indirect discourse, and #meus# and #noster# by #suus#. #tū# and #vōs#, of direct discourse, are represented in indirect discourse by #ille#, or, when less emphatic, by #is#.
For the use of the reflexive pronoun, see 2338-2342.
#sē prius in Galliam vēnisse quam populum Rōmānum#, 1, 44, 7, _that he came into Gaul before the Roman nation_, said Ariovistus of himself. #sē ā patribus maiōribusque suīs didicisse#, 1, 13, 6, _that they had learned from their fathers and ancestors_, said the Helvetians of themselves. #trānsīsse Rhēnum sēsē nōn suā sponte#, 1, 44, 1, _that he had crossed the Rhine not of his own accord_, was the assertion of Ariovistus. #quī nisi dēcēdat, sēsē illum nōn prō amīcō sed hoste habitūrum. quod sī eum interfēcerit, multīs sēsē prīncipibus populī Rōmānī grātum esse factūrum#, 1, 44, 11, _that unless he withdrew, he should consider him not a friend but a foe. Why, if he killed him, he should do a favour to numerous leading men in the Roman nation_. Here Ariovistus is reported as speaking to Caesar.
CONDITIONAL PERIODS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
(A.) PROTASIS.
2326. The protasis of every kind (2023, 2024) has the verb in the subjunctive in indirect discourse (2315).
2327. The tense of the protasis is generally imperfect or pluperfect (2322): as,
#Ariovistus respondit: sī ipse populō Rōmānō nōn praescrīberet, nōn oportēre sēsē ā populō Rōmānō impedīrī#, 1, 36, 1, _Ariovistus answered: if he did not dictate to the Roman nation, no more ought the Roman nation to interfere with him_ (2026). #quae sī fēcisset, Pompēium in Hispāniās itūrum#, Caes. _C._ 1, 10, 3, _if he did that, Pompey would go to the Spains_ (2061).
2328. But indeterminate protases (2023) are sometimes put in the present or perfect subjunctive in indirect discourse, even with a main secondary tense: as,
#Ariovistus respondit: sī iterum experīrī velint, sē parātum esse dēcertāre#, 1, 44, 1, _Ariovistus answered that if the Romans wanted to try again, he was ready to fight it out_ (2026). #quī nisi dēcēdat, sēsē illum prō hoste habitūrum#, 1, 44, 11, _that unless he withdrew, he should consider him an enemy_ (2054).
2329. Protases of action non-occurrent (2024) remain in the imperfect or pluperfect, even with a main primary tense.
#licet Varrō Mūsās, Aelī Stilōnis sententiā, Plautīnō dīcat sermōne locutūrās fuisse sī Latīnē loquī vellent#, Quintil. 10, 1, 99, _though Varro, following Stilo’s dictum, may say that the Muses would have spoken in the style of Plautus, if they had wanted to speak Latin_ (2095). #quaeret ab accūsātōribus quid factūrī essent, sī in eō locō fuissent#, Cornif. 2, 22, _he will ask the accusers what they would have done if they had been in that predicament_ (2099).
(B.) APODOSIS.
2330. In indeterminate conditional periods (2023), the apodosis simply follows the general rule (2312): as,
#Iovem sīc aiunt philosophī, sī Graecē loquātur, loquī#, _Br._ 121, _the philosophers say that this is Jove’s style of speaking, if Jove speaks Greek_ (2026). #sīn bellō persequī persevērāret, reminīscerētur prīstinae virtūtis Helvētiōrum#, 1, 13, 4, _if he persisted in following them up with war, let him call to mind the old time valour of the Helvetians_ (2056). #in prōvinciīs intellegēbant sī is quī esset cum imperiō emere vellet, fore utī quod quisque vellet quantī vellet auferret#, _V._ 4, 10, _in the provinces they saw that if a man clothed in authority should wish to be a buyer, he would carry off every time whatever he wished at what he wished_ (2233; 2054 or 2076). #futūrum esse, nisi prōvīsum esset, ut Rōma caperētur#, _Div._ 1, 101, _that unless precaution was taken, Rome would be captured_ (2233, 2061). For other examples, see 2327, 2328.
2331. In conditional periods of action non-occurrent (2024), the future
## participle with #fuisse#, is used in apodoses of the active voice: as,
#an Cn. Pompēium cēnsēs maximārum rērum glōriā laetātūrum fuisse, sī scīret sē in sōlitūdine Aegyptiōrum trucīdātum īrī#, _Div._ 2, 22, _do you suppose that Pompey would have taken any pleasure in the fame which his peerless exploits brought him if he had known that he was going to be butchered in the wilds of Egypt?_
In one instance, found in Caesar, the future participle with #esse# occurs, representing the imperfect subjunctive of present time (2091):
#Caesarem arbitrārī profectum in Ītaliam; neque aliter Carnūtēs interficiundī Tasgetiī cōnsilium fuisse captūrōs, neque Eburōnēs, sī ille adesset, ad castra ventūrōs esse#, 5, 29, 2, _that he thought Caesar was gone into Italy; otherwise, the Carnutes would not have formed their design of killing Tasgetius, and the Eburones, if he were at hand, would not be assaulting the camp_. Here the context shows that #ventūrōs esse# represents the imperfect subjunctive. But ordinarily it might seem to represent the future indicative. Hence, to avoid ambiguity, the Romans generally did not try to express present time in apodoses of this class in indirect discourse.
2332. The perfect infinitive is exceptionally used; this is based upon the indicative in apodosis (2104).
#memoriā teneō solitum ipsum nārrāre sē studium philosophiae ācrius hausisse, nī prūdentia mātris incēnsum animum coërcuisset#, Ta. _Agr._ 4, _I remember that he used to say that he had drunk in the study of philosophy with too great eagerness, had not his discreet mother checked his ardent soul_ (2105 or 2107).
2333. #possum#, in the apodosis of a conditional period of action non-occurrent (2101), is regularly put in the perfect infinitive in indirect discourse: as,
#Platōnem exīstimō, sī genus forēnse dīcendī trāctāre voluisset, gravissimē potuisse dīcere#, _Off._ 1, 4, _I think that if Plato had only chosen to cultivate forensic eloquence, he might have been a most impressive speaker_ (2103). #cum dīcerent sē potuisse in amplissimum locum pervenīre, sī sua studia ad honōrēs petendōs cōnferre voluissent#, _Clu._ 153, _saying they might have risen to the proudest position, if they had only chosen to apply their energies to a political career_ (2103).
2334. #futūrum fuisse ut# with the imperfect subjunctive is rarely used in apodoses of the passive voice (2331): as,
#Theophrastus accūsāsse nātūram dīcitur quod hominibus tam exiguam vītam dedisset: quōrum sī aetās potuisset esse longinquior, futūrum fuisse ut omnī doctrīnā hominum vīta ērudīrētur#, _TD._ 3, 69, _it is said that Theophrastus took nature to task ‘for giving man such a short life; if the period could have been longer man’s life would have been informed with knowledge of every sort’_ (2099). See also Caes. _C._ 3, 101, 2.
[Erratum: 2331 ... Aegyptiōrum trucīdātum īrī Aēgyptiōrum]
(C.) PRONOUNS.
THE PERSONAL PRONOUN.
2335. For the use of the nominatives #ego# #tū#, #nōs# #vōs#, see 1029. The genitive plurals #nostrū̆m# and #vestrū̆m# are used as partitive, #nostrī# and #vestrī# as objective genitives: as,
#nēmō nostrūm#, _RA._ 55, _not one of us_ (1242). #ab utrīsque vestrūm#, _Fam._ 11, 21, 5, _by each of you_ (1243). #grāta mihī̆ vehementer est memoria nostrī tua#, _Fam._ 12, 17, 1, _your remembrance of me is exceedingly agreeable to me_ (1260). #nostrī nōsmet paenitet#, T. _Ph._ 172, _we’re discontented with our lot_ (1283). For the adjective instead of the possessive or objective genitive, see 1234, 1262.
[Erratum: 2335. . missing]
THE REFLEXIVE #sē# AND #suus#.
2336. The reflexive regularly refers to the subject of the verb: as,
#fugae sēsē mandābant#, 2, 24, 2, _they betook themselves to flight_. #animō servit, nōn sibī#, Pl. _Tri._ 308, _he serves his passions, not his better self_. #est amāns suī virtūs#, _L._ 98, _virtue is fond of itself_. #dūcit sēcum ūnā virginem#, T. _Eu._ 229, _he is leading a girl along with him_. #Caesar cōpiās suās dīvīsit#, Caes. _C._ 3, 97, 3, _Caesar divided his forces_. For #sē ipse#, see 2376; for #sē# or #suus quisque#, 2397.
2337. The reflexive sometimes refers to a word not the subject, when that word is specially emphasized or easily made out from the context. This holds chiefly of #suus#, which is used with great freedom: as,
#Alexandrum uxor sua occīdit#, _Inv._ 2, 144, _Alexander was murdered by his own wife_. #dēsinant īnsidiārī domī suae cōnsulī#, _C._ 1, 32, _let them cease to waylay the consul in his own house and home_. #suās rēs Syrācūsānīs restituit#, L. 29, 1, 17, _he restored their property to the Syracuse people_.
2338. In the construction of the accusative with the infinitive (2175), the reflexive is regularly used when the subject of the infinitive refers to the subject of the verb: as,
#Vārus imperium sē habēre dīxit#, _Lig._ 22, _Varus said that he had authority_. #id sēsē effectūrōs spērābant#, 7, 26, 2, _they hoped to accomplish it_ (2235).
2339. The reflexive, in this construction, sometimes refers to an emphasized word not the formal subject of the verb: as,
#canum custōdia quid sīgnificat aliud nisi sē ad hominum commoditātēs esse generātōs?# _DN._ 2, 158, _the watchfulness of the dog--does not it show that he was created for the convenience of man?_
2340. When the subject of the infinitive is different from that of the verb, the reflexive sometimes refers to the subject of the verb, sometimes to that of the infinitive: as,
#Ariovistus respondit omnēs Galliae cīvitātēs ad sē oppugnandum vēnisse#, 1, 44, 1, _Ariovistus answered that all the states of Gaul had come to attack him_, i.e. Ariovistus. #nēminem sēcum sine suā perniciē contendisse#, 1, 36, 6, _that no man had contended with him without his own undoing_; #sēcum# refers to Ariovistus, the subject of the main verb #respondit#, #suā# to #nēminem#.
2341. In subordinate subjunctive clauses of purpose, indirect discourse, or indirect question, the reflexive refers to the subject of the main sentence: as,
#huic mandat, ut ad sē quam prīmum revertātur#, 4, 21, 2, _he instructs him to come back to himself as soon as possible_. #excruciābit mē erus, quia sibī nōn dīxerim#, Pl. _MG._ 859, _my master’ll torture me ‘because I have not told him.’_ #Paetus omnīs librōs, quōs frāter suus relīquisset, mihī̆ dōnāvit#, _Att._ 2, 1, 12, _Paetus made me a present of all the books ‘that his brother left.’_ For the use of #is# for #sē#, see 2370.
2342. The reflexive, in such subordinate clauses, sometimes refers to an emphatic word not the main subject: as,
#identidem fēlīcem Priamum vocābat, quod superstes omnium suōrum exstitisset#, Suet. _Tib._ 62, _he was for ever calling Priam ‘Fortune’s darling, because he outlived all his kith and kin.’_
2343. The reflexive referring to the main subject is sometimes irregularly used in subordinate indicative clauses.
#Epamīnōndās ē̆ī, quī sibī̆ successerat, exercitum nōn trādidit#, _Inv._ 1, 55, _Epaminondas did not deliver the army to his successor_. #centum bovēs mīlitibus dōnō dedit, quī sēcum fuerant#, L. 7, 37, 3, _he gave a hundred oxen to the soldiers who had been with him_.
EQUIVALENTS FOR A RECIPROCAL PRONOUN.
2344. The place of a reciprocal pronoun, _each other_, is supplied by #inter nōs#, #inter vōs#, #inter sē#, or by #alter# or #alius# followed by another case of the same word: as,
#inter nōs nātūrā cōniūnctī sumus#, _Fin._ 3, 66, _we are united with each other by nature_. #Cicerōnēs puerī amant inter sē#, _Att._ 6, 1, 12, _the Cicero boys are fond of each other_. #cum alius aliī subsidium ferret#, 2, 26, 2, _when they were helping each other_. For #uterque#, see 2400. The reciprocal idea is sometimes expressed by the form of the verb: as, #fulvā lūctantur harēnā#, V. 6, 643, _they wrestle with each other on the yellow sand_ (1487).
2345. From Livy on, #invicem inter sē#, #invicem sē#, or #invicem# alone, is often used in the expression of reciprocal relations: as,
#invicem inter sē grātantēs#, L. 9, 43, 17, _mutually congratulating each other_. #invicem sē antepōnendō#, Ta. _Agr._ 6, _mutually preferring one another_. #ut invicem ardentius dīligāmus#, Plin. _Ep._ 7, 20, 7, _that we may love each other more ardently_.
THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN.
2346. The possessive of the personal and reflexive pronoun is regularly omitted, unless it is required for emphasis or contrast: as,
#ōra manūsque tuā lavimus, Fērōnia, lymphā#, H. S. 1, 5, 24, _our hands and faces in thy rill, Feronia, we bathe_. The possessive sometimes has the meaning of _proper_, _appropriate_, _favourable_; as, #suō locō dīcam#, Quintil. 1, 1, 36, _I shall tell in the proper place_. For the possessive pronoun used instead of the possessive or objective genitive, see 1234, 1262.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.
#hīc.#
2347. #hīc# points out what is near the speaker in place, time, or thought: as,
#hī domum mē ad sē auferent#, Pl. _Men._ 847, _these fellows will hale me off to their house_. #nōn mē exīstimāvī in hōc sermōne usque ad hanc aetātem esse ventūrum#, _Br._ 232, _I did not think that in this discourse I should get down to the present generation_. #reliquum omne tempus huius annī#, _V._ 1, 30, _all the rest of this year_.
2348. #hīc# sometimes points out the speaker with pathos, or with emphasis, particularly in comedy.
#haec arma et hunc mīlitem propitiō flūmine accipiās#, L. 2, 10, 11, _receive these arms and this soldier in thy gracious stream_, the prayer of Horatius Cocles to Father Tiber. #tibī̆ erunt parāta verba, huic hominī verbera#, T. _Hau._ 356, _you’ll get a chiding, this child a hiding_. #fēcisset nī haec praesēnsisset canēs#, Pl. _Tri._ 172, _and he’d have done it, unless this dog had got scent of it in time_, where the speaker means himself.
2349. The neuter plural #haec# sometimes means _the realm_, _our country_, _our state_, _the [Roman] world_: as,
#haec, quae iam prīdem vastāre studēs#, _C._ 1, 21, _the realm which you have long sought to lay in ruins_. #quī haec dēlēre cōnātī sunt#, _C._ 4, 7, _who have tried to destroy the state_. #servus est nēmō quī nōn haec stāre cupiat#, _C._ 4, 16, _there lives no slave that wills not our country should abide_.
2350. #hīc#, as expressing a familiar, every-day thing, occasionally has a shade of contempt, either alone, or with #volgāris#, #cottīdiānus# or the like: as,
#mittit hominī mūnera satis largē, haec ad ūsum domesticum#, _V._ 4, 62, _he sent him some presents--pretty liberal ones, commonish things for household use_. #mittō hāsce artīs volgārīs, coquōs, pistōrēs#, _RA._ 134, _I’ll skip your everyday common occupations--such as cooks, bakers, &c., &c._ #taedet cottīdiānārum hārum fōrmārum#, T. _Eu._ 297, _I’m sick of your everyday beauties_.
2351. When #hīc# relates to the words of a sentence, it points out what has preceded or is to follow, or emphasizes a word referred to by a preceding relative.
For #hīc# used to introduce a new sentence, see 2129.
#haec habuī dē senectūte quae dīcerem#, _CM._ 85, _this was what I had to say on Old Age_. #sed haec hāctenus; nunc ad ostenta veniāmus#, _Div._ 2, 53, _so much for this; let us now go on to portents_. #fēcit pācem hīs condiciōnibus#, N. 8, 3, 1, _he made peace on the following terms_. #dīcitur locūtus in hanc ferē sententiam esse#, L. 6, 40, 2, _it is said that he spoke to somewhat the following effect_. #quaesierat ex mē Scīpiō quidnam sentīrem dē hōc quod duo sōlēs vīsōs esse cōnstāret#, _RP._ 1, 19, _Scipio had asked me what I thought about this, that it was generally agreed that two suns had been seen_.
2352. #hīc# and #ille# are often opposed, particularly in contrasts of classes: as,
#laudātur ab hīs, culpātur ab illīs#, H. _S._ 1, 2, 11, _one side praises him, the other condemns_. #illud est album, hoc dulce, canōrum illud, hoc bene olēns, hoc asperum#, _Ac._ 2, 21, _that is white, this is sweet, that sonorous, this fragrant, this rough_. #ōrātor, nōn ille volgāris sed hīc excellēns#, _O._ 45, _an orator, not of the common sort, but the superior one of whom we are speaking_.
2353. In transitions, #ille# introduces a new thing, #hīc# denotes _the aforementioned_: as,
#sed haec vetera; illud vērō recēns, Caesarem meō cōnsiliō interfectum#, _Ph._ 2, 25, _but this is all ancient history; here, however, is something new, that Caesar was killed at my suggestion_.
2354. When #hīc# and #ille# refer to two different persons or things named in the sentence, #hīc# commonly refers to the nearer word, #ille# to the remoter word; or #hīc# sometimes refers to what is nearer the mind of the speaker, even though it be remoter in the sentence.
(_a._) #Caesar beneficiīs ac mūnificentiā magnus habēbātur, integritāte vītae Catō. Ille mānsuētūdine et misericordiā clārus factus, huic sevēritās dignitātem addiderat#, S. _C._ 54, 2, _Caesar was esteemed great for his liberality and generosity, Cato for his unsullied life. The former became famous through his humanity and mercy, the latter’s dignity was heightened by his austerity._ (_b._) #cavē Catōnī antepōnās nē istum quidem ipsum quem Apollō, ut ais, sapientissimum iūdicāvit: huius enim facta, illīus dicta laudantur#, _L._ 10, _suffer not Cato to find a rival even in your man himself, whom, as you say, Apollo declared wisest of mankind; for our Cato is renowned for deeds, the other for doctrines_.
2355. #hīc# and #ille# are used together, chiefly in poetry, to explain something past by a present thing: as,
#hunc illum poscere fāta reor#, V. 7, 272, _this I think is he whom the fates require_. #hunc illum fātīs externā ab sēde profectum portendī generum#, V. 7, 255, _this was the man whom destiny foretold should fare from foreign home to be his son-in-law_.
#iste.#
2356. #iste# points out something near to, belonging to, or imputed to the person addressed: as,
#cum istā sīs auctōritāte, nōn dēbēs adripere maledictum ex triviō#, _Mur._ 13, _carrying the influence that you do, you ought not to take to street-corner abuse_. #multae istārum arborum meā manū sunt satae#, _CM._ 59, _many of the trees you see there were planted by my own hand_. #salem istum quō caret vestra nātiō, inrīdendīs nōbīs nōlītōte cōnsūmere#, _ND._ 2, 74, _do not waste in ridiculing us that wit which your fraternity sadly needs_. Often with #tuus# or #vester#: as, #īsdem hīc sapiēns dē quō loquor oculīs quibus iste vester intuēbitur#, _Ac._ 2, 105, _the sage of whom I speak will look with the same eyes as the sage you boast of_.
2357. From its use in addressing opponents or in talking at them, #iste# is common in contemptuous phrases: as,
#tū istīs faucibus, istīs lateribus, istā gladiātōriā tōtīus corporis firmitāte#, _Ph._ 2, 63, _you with that gullet of yours, those swollen flanks, that prizefighter’s bulky make-up_. #nōn erit ista amīcitia, sed mercātūra quaedam#, _ND._ 1, 122, _such a thing will not be a friendship, but a sort of traffic_.
#ille.#
2358. #ille# points to what is remote in place, time, or thought: as,
#ergō illī intellegunt quid Epicūrus dīcat, ego nōn intellegō?# _Fin._ 2, 13, _do those gentlemen then understand what Epicurus means and I not?_ #populus Rōmānus nihil aequē atque illam veterem iūdiciōrum vim gravitātemque requīrit#, _Caecil._ 8, _the Roman people miss nothing so much as the ancient vigour and firmness attaching to public trials_. #hīs autem dē rēbus sōl mē ille admonuit ut brevior essem#, _DO._ 3, 209, _but on these topics yonder sun has warned me to be pretty brief_. For other examples, see 2352-2355.
2359. #ille# is used to point out a celebrity, often one of the past. So, particularly without a proper name, in allusive style, referring to what is famed in story.
(_a._) #hīc est ille Dēmosthenēs#, _TD._ 5, 103, _this is the famous Demosthenes_. #Athēniēnsis ille Themistoclēs#, _DO._ 2, 299, _Themistocles the great, of Athens_. #illud Solōnis#, _CM._ 50, _Solon’s memorable words_. #Mēdēa illa#, _IP._ 22, _Medea famed in story_. (_b._) #vīribus ille cōnfīsus periīt#, J. 10, 10, _the man in the story lost his life through confidence in his strength_. #illae rēgiae lacrimae#, Plin. _Ep._ 3, 7, 13, _the monarch’s historic tears_, of Xerxes.
2360. Indicating change of subject, #ille# is _this other man_. In such cases it is often best expressed in English by a proper name or a descriptive word.
#ad sē adulēscentem iussit venīre. at ille, ut ingressus est, cōnfestim gladium dēstrīnxit#, _Off._ 3, 112, _he gave orders to admit the young man. But this other, the moment he entered, drew his sword._ #rūsticus expectat dum dēfluat amnis: at ille lābitur et lābētur#, H. _E._ 1, 2, 42, _he is a peasant waiting for the river to go down: but the river flows and will flow on_.
2361. In concessions, #ille# often precedes #quidem#; in translation no pronoun is required.
#librī scrīptī incōnsīderātē ab optimīs illīs quidem virīs, sed nōn satis ērudītīs#, _TD._ 1, 6, _books rashly written by men respectable enough but of insufficient education_. #est tarda illa medicīna, sed tamen magna#, _TD._ 3, 35, _it is a powerful remedy, though slow in its working_. #hīc#, #is#, and #iste# are used rarely in this way.
2362. In poetry #ille# may serve: (1.) To repeat a thing with emphasis: as,
#arma virumque canō Trōiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs Ītaliam vēnit, multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō#, V. 1, 1, _arms and the man I sing, from Troja’s shore the first to come to Italy, much tossed that man by land and sea_.
2363. (2.) To emphasize the second of two ideas: as,
#nunc dextrā ingemināns ictūs, nunc ille sinistrā#, V. 5, 457, _now with his right redoubling blows, now mighty with his left_. #nōn tamen Euryalī, non ille oblītus amōrum#, V. 5, 334, _still not Euryalus forgetting, no, not he his love!_
2364. (3.) As a provisional subject, to anticipate the real subject, and keep the attention in suspense till the real subject comes with emphasis: as,
#ac velut ille canum morsū dē montibus altīs āctus aper substitit#, V. 10, 707, _and e’en as he, goaded by bite of hounds from mountains high, the boar hath paused_.
THE DETERMINATIVE PRONOUN.
#is.#
2365. #is# refers to something named in the context. When some feeling is to be expressed, such as admiration, or oftener contempt, #homō# is often put for #is#.