Chapter 17 of 72 · 3990 words · ~20 min read

Part 17

VERBS IN #-īre#.

_The Fourth Conjugation._

797. #audior#, _am heard_.

THE DEPONENT VERB.

798. Deponents, that is, verbs with passive person endings and a reflexive or an active meaning (725), have these active noun forms:

## participles, the future infinitive, the gerund, and the supines. The

perfect participle is usually active, but sometimes passive; the gerundive always passive. The following is a synopsis of deponents:

799. Three deponents in #-ior#, #-ī#, #gradior#, _walk_, #morior#, _die_, and #patior#, _suffer_, and their compounds, have a present system like the passive of #capiō# (784). But #adgredior# and #prōgredior# and #morior# and #ēmorior# have sometimes the forms of verbs in #-īrī#; for these, and for #orior#, _arise_, #orīrī#, #ortus#, and #potior#, _become master of_, #potīrī#, #potītus#, see 791. By far the largest number of deponents are verbs in #-ārī#, like #mīror#, #mīrārī# (368).

800. Some verbs waver between active and passive person endings: as, #adsentiō#, _agree_, #adsentīre#, and #adsentior#, #adsentīrī#; #populō#, _ravage_, #populāre#, and #populor#, #populārī#: see 1481.

801. A few verbs are deponent in the present system only: as, #dēvortor#, _turn in_, perfect #dēvortī#; #revortor#, _turn back_, perfect #revortī#, but with active perfect participle #revorsus#. Four are deponent in the perfect system only: #fīdō#, _trust_, #fīdere#, #fīsus#, and the compounds, #cōnfīdō#, #diffīdō#; and #audeō#, _dare_, #audēre#, #ausus#, #gaudeō#, _feel glad_, #gaudēre#, #gāvīsus#, and #soleō#, _am used_, #solēre#, #solitus#. Most impersonals in #-ēre# have both an active and a deponent form in the perfect system: see 815, 816.

PERIPHRASTIC FORMS.

802. (1.) The future active participle with a form of #sum# is used to denote an intended or future action: as,

#rēctūrus sum#, _I am going to rule_, _intend to rule_.

803. A future perfect is hardly ever used: as, #fuerit victūrus# (Sen.). In the imperfect subjunctive, #forem#, #forēs#, #foret#, and #forent# are sometimes used (Nep., Sall., Liv., Vell.).

804. (2.) The gerundive with a form of #sum# is used to denote action which requires to be done: as,

#regendus sum#, _I am to be ruled_, _must be ruled_.

[Erratum: 804 (table) ... SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. . missing or invisible]

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

805. (1.) Some verbs have only a few forms: as,

#inquam#, _quoth I_ (760); #aiō#, _avouch_ (786). See also #apage#, _avaunt_, _get thee behind me_, #cedo#, _give_, _tell_, #fārī#, _to lift up one’s voice_, #havē̆# or #avē̆# and #salvē#, _all hail_, #ovat#, _triumphs_, and #quaesō#, _prithee_, in the dictionary.

806. (2.) Many verbs have only the present system; such are:

807. (_a._) #sum#, _am_ (745); #ferō#, _carry_ (780); #fīō#, _grow_, _become_ (788).

808. (_b._) Some verbs in #-ere#: #angō#, _throttle_, #bītō#, _go_, #clangō#, _sound_, #claudō# or #claudeō#, _hobble_, #fatīscō#, _gape_, #glīscō#, _wax_, #glūbō#, _peel_, #hīscō#, _gape_, #temnō#, _scorn_, #vādō#, _go_, #vergō#, _slope_. Also many inceptives (834): as, #dītēscō#, _get rich_, #dulcēscō#, _get sweet_, &c., &c.

809. (_c._) Some verbs in #-ēre#: #albeō#, _am white_, #aveō#, _long_, #calveō#, _am bald_, #cāneō#, _am gray_, #clueō#, _am called_, _hight_, #flāveō#, _am yellow_, #hebeō#, _am blunt_, #immineō#, _threaten_, #lacteō#, _suck_, #līveō#, _look dark_, #maereō#, _mourn_, #polleō#, _am strong_, #renīdeō#, _am radiant_, #squāleō#, _am scaly_, #ūmeō#, _am wet_.

810. (_d._) Some verbs in #-īre#: #balbūtiō#, _sputter_, #feriō#, _strike_, #ganniō#, _yelp_, #ineptiō#, _am a fool_, #superbiō#, _am stuck up_, #tussiō#, _cough_. Also most desideratives (375).

811. Many verbs are not attended by a perfect participle, and lack in consequence the perfect passive system, or, if deponent, the perfect

## active system.

812. (3.) Some verbs have only the perfect system: so particularly #coepī#, _have begun_, _began_ (120); and with a present meaning, #ōdī#, _have come to hate_, _hate_; and #meminī#, _have called to mind_, _remember_. The following is a synopsis of these three verbs:

+---------+----------------------------------------------------+ | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | Active. Passive. | Active. Active. | | _Perf._ | coepī coeptus sum | ōdī | meminī | | _Plup._ | coeperam coeptus eram | ōderam | memineram | | _F. P._ | coeperō coeptus erō | ōderō | meminerō | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | _Perf._ | coeperim coeptus sim | ōderim | meminerim | | _Plup._ | coepissem coeptus essem | ōdissem | meminissem | | | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | _Perf._ | ---- ---- | ---- | mementō, | | | | | mementōte | +---------+----------------------------------------------------+ | | INFINITIVE. | | _Perf._ | coepisse coeptus esse | ōdisse | meminisse | | | | | | PARTICIPLES. | | _Perf._ | coeptus | ---- | ---- | | _Fut._ | coeptūrus | ōsūrus | ---- | +---------+----------------------------------------------------+

813. A few forms of the present system of #coepī# occur in old writers: as, #coepiō# (Plaut.), #coepiam# (Caec., Cato), #coepiat# (Plaut.), #coeperet# (Ter.), and #coepere# (Plaut.); perfect once #coēpit# (Lucr.). #ōsus sum# or #fuī# (Plaut., C. Gracch., Gell.), #exōsus sum# (Verg., Sen., Curt., Gell.), and #perōsus sum# (Suet., Col., Quint.), are sometimes used as deponents. #meminī# is the only verb which has a perfect imperative active. #ōdī# and #meminī# have no passive.

814. #coeptūrus# is rather rare and late (Liv. 2, Plin., Suet.), once as future infinitive (Quint.); and #ōsūrus# is very rare (Cic., Gell.). #exōsus# and #perōsus#, as active participles, _hating bitterly_, are not uncommon in writers of the empire; the simple #ōsus# is not used as a participle.

815. (4.) Impersonal verbs have usually only the third person singular, and the infinitive present and perfect: as,

(_a._) #pluit#, _it rains_, #tonat#, _it thunders_, and other verbs denoting the operations of nature. (_b._) Also a few verbs in #-ēre# denoting feeling: as, #miseret# (or #miserētur#, #miserēscit#), _it distresses_, #miseritum est#; #paenitet#, _it repents_, #paenituit#; #piget#, _it grieves_, #piguit# or #pigitum est#; #pudet#, _it shames_, #puduit# or #puditum est#; #taedet#, _it is a bore_, #taesum est#.

816. Some other verbs, less correctly called impersonal, with an infinitive or a sentence as subject, are likewise defective: as,

#lubet# or #libet#, _it suits_, #lubitum# or #libitum est#, #lubuit# or #libuit#; #licet#, _it is allowed_, #licuit# or #licitum est#; #oportet#, _it is proper_, #oportuit#; #rē fert# or #rēfert#, _it concerns_, #rē ferre# or #rēferre#, #rē tulit# or #rētulit#. For the impersonal use of the third person singular passive, as #pugnātur#, _there is fighting_, #pugnandum est#, _there must be fighting_, see 724.

817. Of the impersonals in #-ēre#, some have other forms besides the third person singular and the infinitives: as,

#paenitēns#, _repenting_, #paenitendus#, _to be regretted_, late; #pigendus#, _irksome_; #pudēns#, _modest_, #pudendus#, _shameful_, #puditūrum#, _going to shame_; #lubēns# or #libēns#, _with willing mind_, _gladly_, very common indeed; imperative LICETO, _be it allowed_ (inscrr. 133-111 B.C.), #licēns#, _unrestrained_, #licitus#, _allowable_; gerunds #pudendum#, #pudendō#, #pigendum#.

[Erratum (in table): 812 (table) ... ōdī ōdi]

REDUNDANT VERBS.

818. (1.) Some verbs have more than one form of the present stem: thus,

819. (_a._) Verbs in #-ere# have rarely forms of verbs in #-ēre# in the present system: as, #abnueō#, _nod no_, #abnuēbunt# (Enn.), for #abnuō#, #abnuent#; #congruēre#, _to agree_ (Ter.), for #congruere#. For verbs in #-iō#, #-ere# (or #-ior#, #-ī#), with forms of verbs in #-īre# (or #-īrī#), see 791. Once #pīnsībant# (Enn.).

820. (_b._) Some verbs in #-āre# have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ere#: as, #lavis#, _washest_, #lavit#, &c., for #lavās#, #lavat#, &c.; #sonit#, _sounds_, #sonunt#, for #sonat#, #sonant#. Others have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ēre#: as, _dēnseō_, _thicken_, _dēnsērī_, for _dēnsō_, #dēnsārī#.

821. (_c._) Some verbs in #-ēre# have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ere#: as, #fervit#, _boils_, #fervont#, for #fervet#, #fervent#. See also #fulgeō#, #oleō#, #scateō#, #strīdeō#, #tergeō#, #tueor# in the dictionary. #cieō#, _set a going_, sometimes has a present stem in #-īre#, particularly in compounds: as, #cīmus#, #ciunt#, for #ciēmus#, #cient#.

822. (_d._) Some verbs in #-īre# have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ere#: as, #ēvenunt#, _turn out_, for #ēveniunt#; #ēvenat#, #ēvenant#, for #ēveniat#, #ēveniant#, and #advenat#, #pervenat#, for #adveniat#, #perveniat# (Plaut.).

823. (2.) Some verbs have more than one form of the perfect stem: as,

#eō#, _go_, old #īī# (765), common #iī#, rarely #īvī# (767); #pluit#, _it rains_, #pluit#, sometimes #plūvit#. See also #pangō#, #parcō#, #clepō#, #vollō# or #vellō#, #intellegō#, #pōnō#, #nectō#, and #adnectō#, #saliō# and #īnsiliō#, #applicō#, #explicō# and #implicō#, #dīmicō# and #necō# in the dictionary. Some compound verbs have a form of the perfect which is different from that of the simple verb: as, #canō#, _make music_, #cecinī#, #concinuī#, #occinuī#; #pungō#, _punch_, #pupugī#, #compunxī#, #expunxī#; #legō#, _pick up_, #lēgī#, #dīlēxī#, #intellēxī#, #neglēxī#; #emō#, _take_, _buy_, #ēmī# (#adēmī#, #exēmī#), #cōmpsī#, #dēmpsī#, #prōmpsī#, #sūmpsī#.

FORMATION OF STEMS.

VARIABLE VOWEL.

824. The final vowel of a tense stem is said to be _variable_ when it is #-o-# in some of the forms, and #-u-#, #-e-#, or #-i-# in others.

825. The sign for the variable vowel is #{-o|e-}#: thus, #reg{o|e-}#, which may be read ‘#rego-# or #rege-#,’ represents #rego-# or #regu-#, #rege-# or #regi-#, as seen in #rego-r# or #regu-nt#, #rege-re# or #regi-t#.

826. The variable vowel occurs in the present of verbs in #-ere#, except in the subjunctive, in the future in #-bō# or #-bor#, and in the future perfect, as may be seen in the paradigms. It is usually short; but in the active, #o# is long: as, #regō#, #laudābō#, #laudāverō#; and poets rarely lengthen #i# in the second and third person singular of the present. For the future perfect, see 882.

827. In old Latin, the stem vowel of the third person plural of the present was #o#: as, COSENTIONT; #o# was long retained after #v#, #u#, or #qu# (107, _c_): as, #vīvont#, #ruont#, #sequontur#; or, if #o# was not retained, #qu# became #c#: as, #secuntur#.

I. THE PRESENT SYSTEM.

PRESENT INDICATIVE STEM.

I. PRIMITIVES.

(A.) ROOT VERBS.

828. A root without addition is used as the present stem, in the present tense or parts of the present tense, in root verbs (744-781): as,

#es-t#, _is_; #da-t#, _gives_; #inqui-t#, _quoth he_; #i-t#, _goes_; #nequi-t#, _can’t_; #ēs-t#, _eats_; #vol-t#, _will_; #fer-t#, _carries_. With reduplicated root (189): #bibi-t#, _drinks_; #seri-t#, _sows_; #sisti-t#, _sets_.

(B.) VERBS IN #-ere#.

829. (1.) The present stem of many verbs in #-ere# is formed by adding a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, which appears in the first person singular

## active as #-ō#, to a root ending in a consonant or in two consonants:

as,

PRESENT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. reg{o|e-} regō, _guide_ +reg-+ vert{o|e-} vertō, _turn_ +vert-+