Part 43

The main verb may be present, future, or past; as, #dum haec dīcit, abiīt hōra#, T. _Eu._ 341, _while he thus prated, sped an hour away_. #īnficī dēbet iīs artibus quās sī, dum est tener, combiberit, ad maiōra veniet parātior#, _Fin._ 3, 9, _he should be imbued with such arts as will, if absorbed while he is young, render him the better equipped to deal with weightier business_. #nunc rem ipsam, ut gesta sit, dum breviter vōbīs dēmōnstrō, attendite#, _Tul._ 13, _now give your attention to the case itself, while I set forth to you briefly how it occurred_. #dum in hīs locīs Caesar morātur, ad eum lēgātī vēnērunt#, 4, 22, 1, _while Caesar tarried in these regions, some envoys came to him_. #dum haec aguntur, vōce clārā exclāmat#, Pl. _Am._ 1120, _while this was going on, with clarion voice he cries aloud_. #haec dum aguntur, intereā Cleomenēs iam ad Helōrī lītus pervēnerat#, _V._ 5, 91, _while this was going on, Cleomenes meantime had already arrived at the shore of Helorum_. The phrase #dum haec geruntur#, _meanwhile_, is often used by the historians to shift the scene: as, #dum haec in Venetīs geruntur, Q. Titūrius Sabīnus in fīnēs Venellōrum pervēnit#, 3, 17, 1, _while this was going on among the Veneti, Sabinus arrived in the territory of the Venelli_. The present indicative is sometimes retained in indirect discourse, chiefly in poetry or late prose: as, #dīc, hospes, Spartae nōs tē hīc vīdisse iacentīs, dum sānctīs patriae lēgibus obsequimur#, _TD._ 1, 101, _tell it at Sparta, friend, that thou hast seen us lying here, obedient to our country’s holy laws_. #dīcit sēsē illī ānulum, dum lūctat, dētrāxisse#, T. _Hec._ 829, _he says that, in the struggle, he pulled off her ring_.

1996. The future is rare and chiefly confined to old Latin: as,

#animum advortite, dum huius argūmentum ēloquar cōmoediae#, Pl. _prol. Am._ 95, _attention lend, while I set forth the subject of this comedy_. #dum pauca dīcam, breviter attendite#, _V._ 3, 163, _while I speak briefly, give me your attention a few moments_.

1997. The imperfect indicative is rare; the imperfect subjunctive is sometimes used, chiefly by the poets and historians: as,

(_a._) #dum haec Vēīs agēbantur, interim capitōlium in ingentī perīculō fuit#, L. 5, 47, 1, _while this was going on at Vei, the capital meanwhile was in terrible peril_. The pluperfect of resulting state is rarer: as, #dum in ūnam partem oculōs hostium certāmen āverterat, plūribus locīs capitur mūrus#, L. 32, 24, 5, _while the eyes of the enemy were turned away in one direction toward the fight, the wall is carried in several places_ (1615). (_b._) #dum sē rēx āverteret, alter ēlātam secūrim in caput dēiēcit#, L. 1, 40, 7, _while the king was looking another way, the second man raised his axe and brought it down on his head_.

1998. The clause with #dum# often denotes the cause of the main action,

## particularly when the subjects of both verbs are the same and the action

of the protasis is coincident with that of the apodosis (1733).

#dum docent, discunt#, Sen. _E._ 7, 8, _while they are teaching, they are learning_, or, _by teaching they learn_. #nīmīrum didicī etiam, dum in istum inquīrō, artificum nōmina#, _V._ 4, 4, _preposterous as it may seem, in hunting up evidence against the defendant, I have actually learned artists’ names_. The main action is often one not anticipated or desired: as, #ita dum pauca mancipia retinēre volt, fortūnās omnīs lībertātemque suam perdidit#, _Caecil._ 56, _so in her attempt to keep a few human chattels, she sacrificed all her possessions and her own liberty_. #dum vītant stultī vitia, in contrāria currunt#, H. _S._ 1, 2, 24, _while fools essay a vice to shun, into its opposite they run_. Sometimes with the perfect: as, #dum Alexandrī similis esse voluit, L. Crassī inventus est dissimillimus#, _Br._ 282, _from his desire to be like Alexander, he came out just the opposite of Crassus_.

(B.) #dum#, #quoad#, #quamdiū# (#dōnec#), _all the time while_.

1999. #dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _all the time while_, often has as correlative #tamdiū#, #tantum#, #tantummodo#, #tantisper#, #usque#, or #ita#. When #tamdiū# is used, #quam# often stands for #quamdiū#.

2000. (1.) When the main verb is present or future, the protasis with #dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _all the time while_, is usually in the same tense as the main verb: as,

#mane dum scrībit#, Pl. _B._ 737, _wait while he writes_. #aegrōtō dum anima est, spēs esse dīcitur#, _Att._ 9, 10, 3, _as long as a sick man has breath he is said to have hope_. #vidua vīvitō vel usque dum rēgnum optinēbit Iuppiter#, Pl. _Men._ 727, _may’st widowed live e’en long as Jupiter shall reign_. #ego tē meum esse dīcī tantisper volō, dum quod tē dignumst faciēs#, T. _Hau._ 106, _I’ll have thee called my son but just so long as thou shalt act as doth become thee_. #dum Latīnae loquentur litterae, quercus huic locō nōn deerit#, _Leg._ 1, 2, _as long as Latin literature has the gift of speech, this spot will not lack its oak_ (1733). #quamdiū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendere audeat, vīvēs#, _C._ 1, 6, _as long as there shall be a soul who will venture to defend you, you shall live on_. #discēs quamdiū volēs, tamdiū autem velle dēbēbis quoad tē quantum prōficiās nōn paenitēbit#, _Off._ 1, 2, _you shall study as long as you want to, and it will be proper for you to want to, as long as you are satisfied with your progress_. #dandum hordeum et furfurēs usque quaad erunt lactantēs#, Varro _R. R._ 2, 7, 12, _give them barley and bran as long as they are sucklings_. #quoad#, _as long as_, is not found in Terence.

2001. (2.) With #quamdiū# the perfect is used when the main verb is perfect; with #dum# or #quoad# the perfect or imperfect is used when the main verb is perfect or pluperfect, and the imperfect usually when the main verb is imperfect: as,

(_a._) #quōrum quamdiū mānsit imitātiō, tamdiū genus illud dīcendī vīxit#, _DO._ 2, 94, _as long as the imitation of these men lasted, so long was that style in vogue_. #tenuit locum tamdiū quam ferre potuit labōrem#, _Br._ 236, _he held the position as long as he could stand the work_. In this use #quamdiū# is found first in Cicero.

(_b._) #vīxit, dum vīxit, bene#, T. _Hec._ 461, _he lived well all the time he lived_ (1733). #avus noster quoad vīxit, restitit M. Grātidiō#, _Leg._ 3, 36, _our grandfather as long as he lived, opposed Gratidius_.

(_c._) #Massiliēnsēs quoad licēbat, circumvenīre nostrōs contendēbant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 58, 1, _as long as the Massilia people had a chance, they kept trying to surround our men_. #dum necesse erat, rēsque ipsa cōgēbat, ūnus omnia poterat#, _RA._ 139, _as long as it had to be, and circumstances demanded, one man controlled the world_ (1733). From Sallust on, the present of vivid narration (1590) is occasionally found with #dum# in this sense.

2002. In poetry and in late prose writers, beginning with Lucretius and Livy, #dōnec# is used in the sense of _all the time while_, usually with the indicative, but sometimes with the subjunctive of repeated past

## action: as, #dōnec grātus eram tibī, Persārum viguī rēge beātior#, H. 3,

9, 1, _as long as I was loved of thee, I flourished happier than the Persians’ king_. #dōnec armātī cōnfertīque abībant, peditum labor in persequendō fuit#, L. 6, 13, 4, _as long as they were moving off under arms and in close array, the task of pursuit fell to the infantry_. #vulgus trucīdātum est dōnec īra et diēs permānsit#, Ta. 1, 68, _the rank and file were butchered as long as wrath and daylight held out_. #nihil trepidābant, dōnec continentī velut ponte agerentur#, L. 21, 28, 10, _the elephants were not a bit skittish as long as they were driven along what seemed a continuous bridge_ (1730). The future is rare: as, #nātus enim dēbet quīcumque est velle manēre in vītā, dōnec retinēbit blanda voluptās#, Lucr. 5, 177, _whoe’er is born must wish in life to abide, so long as him fond pleasure shall detain_. #dōnec eris fēlīx, multōs numerābis amīcōs#, O. _Tr._ 1, 9, 5, _as long as fortune smiles, thou troops shalt count of friends_.

[Erratum: 2000. . missing]

(C.) #dum#, _as long as_, _provided_, _so_.

2003. The present and imperfect subjunctive are used in provisos introduced by #dum#, _as long as_, _provided_, _so_.

#dum# is sometimes accompanied by #modo#, _only_, or #quidem#, _that is_; or (from Terence on) #modo# is used without #dum#. The negative is #nē# (from Ovid on, sometimes #nōn#); #nē# sometimes has as correlative #ita#.

#ōderint dum metuant#, Poet. in Suet. _Cal._ 30, _let them hate, so they fear_. #absit, dum modo laude partā domum recipiat sē#, Pl. _Am._ 644, _let him go, so only he come home with glory won_. #postulābant prō homine miserrimō, quī vel ipse sēsē in cruciātum darī cuperet, dum dē patris morte quaererētur#, _RA._ 119, _they made the request in behalf of a pitiable wretch, who would be only too glad to be put to the rack himself, so his father’s death might be investigated_. #itaque dum locus comminus pugnandī darētur, aequō animō singulās bīnīs nāvibus obiciēbant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 58, 4, _therefore, so a chance was given to fight hand to hand, they did not mind pitting one of their vessels against two of the enemy’s_. #sī ē̆ī permissum esset, ita id sacrum faceret, dum nē plūs quīnque sacrificiō interessent#, L. 39, 18, 9, _if he were allowed, he might perform the sacrifice far better, provided that not more than five people should have a part in the ceremonial_. #dum quidem nēquid percontēris quod nōn lubeat prōloquī#, Pl. _Aul._ 211, _provided at least you ask nothing that I may not like to disclose_. #volet, cīvis modo haec sit#, T. _Eu._ 889, _he’ll consent, only let her be a free born maid_. #magnō mē metū līberābis, dum modo inter mē atque tē mūrus intersit#, _C._ 1, 10, _you will relieve me of great fear, provided only there be a wall interposed between you and myself_.

(D.) #dum#, #quoad#, #dōnec#, _until_.

2004. #dum#, #quoad# or #dōnec#, _until_, often has as correlative #usque#, #usque eō#, #usque ad eum fīnem# or #tamdiū#.

#dum#, _until_.

2005. The subjunctive present is used in a protasis introduced by #dum#, _until_, when the main verb denotes either indefinite or present time, and the subjunctive imperfect when the main verb is past.

The subjunctive is an extension of the subjunctive of desire (1540); the clause denotes something expected or proposed.

#is dum veniat sedens ibī̆ opperībere#, Pl. _B._ 48, _you shall sit there waiting till he comes_. #ōrandī sunt, ut sī quam habent ulcīscendī vim, differant in tempus aliud, dum dēfervēscat īra#, _TD._ 4, 78, _we must always ask such people, if they have any chance to take vengeance, to put it off to some other time, till their rage cool down_. #cēnseō latendum tantisper ibīdem, dum effervēscit haec grātulātiō et simul dum audiāmus, quemadmodum negōtium cōnfectum sit#, _Fam._ 9, 2, 4, _I advise lying low where you are, while the present congratulation excitement is cooling off, and at the same time till we may hear how the job was done_. #dum reliquae nāvēs eō convenīrent, in ancorīs exspectāvit#, 4, 23, 4, _he waited at anchor till the rest of the vessels should gather there_ (1725). #Verginius dum collēgam cōnsuleret morātus, dictātōrem dīxit#, L. 4, 21, 10, _Verginius, after waiting till he should consult his colleague, appointed a dictator_. #observāvit dum dormitāret canēs#, Pl. _Tri._ 170, _he watched till the dog should be napping_.

2006. The present indicative with #dum#, _while_, is sometimes used where the subjunctive might be expected with #dum#, _until_ (1593). Other indicative tenses are rarely thus used: as,

(_a._) #expectābō, dum venit#, T. _Eu._ 206, _I will wait while he comes_. #ego hīc tantisper, dum exīs, tē opperiar#, Pl. _Most._ 683, _I’ll wait for you here a while till you come out_. #ego in Arcānō opperior, dum ista cōgnōscō#, _Att._ 10, 3, _for myself I am waiting at the Arcae place, till I ascertain this_. (_b._) #mihī̆ quidem usque cūrae erit, quid agās, dum quid ēgerīs, scierō#, _Fam._ 12, 19, 3, _for me I shall be anxious all the time to know what you are doing, till I know what you have done_. #mānsit in condiciōne usque ad eum fīnem dum iūdicēs rēiectī sunt#, _V. a. pr._ 16, _he stuck to his bargain till the jurors were challenged_.

#quoad#, #dōnec#, _until_.

2007. #quoad# or #dōnec#, _until_, introduces a protasis in the present subjunctive when the main verb is present or future; and in the perfect indicative when the main verb is past or a general present.

#quoad# is found once in Plautus with the imperfect subjunctive (2008); in other authors here and there with both moods; not in Tacitus. With #dōnec# the present subjunctive is found once in Plautus, rarely in late Latin and in poetry; the perfect indicative is found at all periods; the present indicative (1590), found once in Plautus, is poetic and late. But #dōnec# is rarely used by Cicero, and never by Caesar or Sallust. #dōnicum# is found in old Latin (not in Terence) with the indicative (2009), and once in Nepos with the subjunctive of indirect discourse. #dōnique# is found four times in Lucretius with the indicative, always before vowels (2009). #dōneque# and #dōneque cum# seem to occur a few times in Vitruvius.

(_a._) #ego hīc cōgitō commorārī, quoad mē reficiam#, _Fam._ 7, 26, 2, _I am thinking of staying here till I feel better_. #ea continēbis, quoad ipse tē videam#, _Att._ 13, 21, 4, _you will keep this back till I see you myself_. #expergēfactīque secuntur inānia saepe cervōrum simulācra, dōnec discussīs redeant errōribus ad sē#, Lucr. 4, 995, _and when awakened, often they still keep hunting the shadowy forms of stags, until the delusion is shaken off and they come to themselves_. #magnus mīrandusque cliēns sedet ad praetōria rēgis, dōnec Bīthȳnō libeat vigilāre tyrannō#, J. 10, 160, _a vassal great and strange he sits in the king’s gate, till it may suit his oriental majesty to wake_. #inter eadem pecora dēgunt, dōnec aetās sēparet ingenuōs#, Ta. _G._ 20, _they always live among the same flocks and herds, till maturity puts the free-born by themselves_.

(_b._) #nostrī reppulērunt neque fīnem sequendī fēcērunt, quoad equitēs praecipitēs hostēs ēgērunt#, 5, 17, 3, _our people routed them and did not give up the pursuit till the cavalry drove the enemy headlong_. #Milō cum in senātū fuisset eō diē quoad senātus est dīmissus, domum vēnit#, _Mil._ 28, _after staying in the senate that day till the senate adjourned, Milo went home_. #numquam dēstitit ōrāre usque adeō dōnec perpulit#, T. _Andr._ 660, _he never ceased to tease until he gained his point_. #usque eō timuī, dōnec ad rēiciundōs iūdicēs vēnimus#, _V._ 1, 17, _I was afraid all the time till we came to challenging jurors_. The present indicative of vivid narration (1590) is found in Vergil and Livy: as, #sociī cōnsurgere tōnsīs, dōnec rōstra tenent siccum et sēdēre carīnae omnēs innocuae#, V. 10, 299, _with one accord the shipmates rose to oars, until the beaks dry land attain, and keels all sat unscathed_.

2008. An imperfect subjunctive is rarely found with #quoad#, _until_ (1725): as, #haec diēs praestitūtast, quoad referret#, Pl. _Ps._ 623, _this day was set by which he was to pay_. #exercēbātur currendō et lūctandō ad eum fīnem, quoad stāns complectī posset#, N. 15, 2, 5, _he used to practise running and wrestling, till he could give a grip standing_. For #dōnec#, see 2009 at the end.

2009. Other constructions occur, chiefly in old Latin or poetry, with #dōnec#, or #dōnicum#, _until_. (_a._) The future perfect: as, #haud dēsinam, dōnec perfēcerō hōc#, T. _Ph._ 419, _I shall not stop till I have finished this_. #dēlīcta maiōrum luēs, dōnec templa refēceris#, H. 3, 6, 1, _for sins of sires thou shalt atone, till thou hast shrines repaired_. (_b._) The future: #coquitō usque dōnec conmadēbit bene#, Cato, _RR._ 156, 5, _boil until it is very soft_. #ter centum rēgnābitur annōs, dōnec geminam partū dabit Īlia prōlem#, V. 1, 272, _for thrice a hundred years there will be kings, till Ilia gives birth to twins_. (_c._) The perfect indicative, less frequently the present, introductory to a general present: #impedit piscīs usque adeō, dōnicum ēdūxit forās#, Pl. _Tru._ 38, _he always draws his net about the fish, until he’s brought them out_ (1613). #usque mantant neque id faciunt, dōnicum parietēs ruont#, Pl. _Most._ 116, _they keep waiting and don’t do it until the walls are falling_. (_d._) The pluperfect indicative: #horriferīs accībant vōcibus Orcum, dōnique eōs vītā prīvārant vermina saeva#, Lucr. 5, 996, _with horrid cries on Death they’d call till gripings sore had set them free from life_. The imperfect indicative is found once in Tacitus, who also has the infinitive of intimation (1539) once or twice. An imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive sometimes occurs where purpose is intimated, and in Livy and late Latin to express repeated past action: as, #dōnec ēgregius properāret exsul#, H. 3, 5, 45, _till he could hasten forth a peerless exile_. #trepidātiōnis aliquantum ēdēbant, dōnec quiētem ipse timor fēcisset#, L. 21, 28, 11, _the elephants always displayed some nervousness, till terror itself restored quiet_ (1730). But the habit of using the imperfect subjunctive is very common in Tacitus where neither purpose nor repetition is intimated: as #neque proelium omīsit dōnec caderet#, Ta. 3, 20, _he ceased not fighting till he fell_.

#quandō.#

2010. #quandō#, originally a temporal particle, has the meaning _when_, which readily passes over to a causal meaning, _since_, _because_. In both meanings it introduces the indicative. For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is used, as in indirect discourse (1725) or of

## action conceivable (1731). #quandō# is also used to introduce a

conditional protasis (2110).

In simple sentences, temporal #quandō# is used in pronoun questions (1526). As an indefinite adverb it has the meaning _ever_.

(A.) TEMPORAL #quandō#.

2011. #quandō#, _when_, introduces a temporal clause with the indicative.

The time is often indefinite or iterative; so usually in old Latin. #quandō# often has #tum# as correlative.

#fīō Iuppiter quandō lubet#, Pl. _Am._ 864, _I turn into Jupiter at my sweet will_. #laudātō quandō illud quod cupis effēcerō#, Pl. _Cu._ 364, _cry your bravo when I’ve done what you desire_. #quandō occāsiō illaec periīt, post sērō cupit#, Pl. _Aul._ 249, _when that chance is lost, he wants it all too late_ (1613). #quandō omnēs creātī sunt, tum ad eōs deus fātur#, _Tim._ 40, _when all were created, then to them spake the god_. #quandō pars maior in eandem sententiam ībat, bellum erat cōnsēnsum#, L. 1, 32, 12, _when the majority voted for the same motion, war was always agreed upon_. Temporal #quandō# is found sporadically at all periods; not in Terence or Caesar.

2012. #quandōque#, _whenever_, is found once in the Twelve Tables, a few times in Cicero (chiefly in legal formulae), three times in Horace, and here and there in later authors. Not in Caesar.

(B.) CAUSAL #quandō#.

2013. #quandō#, _since_, _seeing that_, introduces a causal clause with the indicative.

The reason is usually one known to the person addressed or one generally known (1884). #quandō# is often strengthened by #quidem#.

#quandō hīc serviō, haec patriast mea#, Pl. _Per._ 641, _now that I am a slave here, this is my country_. #quīn ergō abeis, quandō respōnsumst?# Pl. _MG._ 1085, _why don’t you go then, since you’ve had your answer?_ #melius est, quandōquidem hoc numquam mī ipse voluit dīcere#, T. _Ad._ 639, _better so, since he wouldn’t ever tell me about it of his own accord_. #quandō mē in hunc locum dēdūxit ōrātiō, docēbō#. _DN._ 3, 43, _seeing that my discourse has brought me to this point, I will show_. #haec dētur cūra cēnsōribus, quandōquidem eōs in rē pūblicā semper volumus esse#, _Leg._ 3, 47, _let this be the charge of the censors, seeing that we want such officers always in our state_. #prō urbe ac penātibus dīmicandum esse, quandō Ītaliam tuērī nequīssent#, L. 22, 8, 7, _that they must fight for home and country, now that they had failed to preserve Italy_ (1724). Causal #quandō# is found at all periods, though not in Caesar, and in Cicero’s orations only with #quidem#.

2014. #quandōque#, _inasmuch as_, is used a few times in a formal or legal sense in Cicero and Livy: as, #quandōque hīsce hominēs iniussū populī Rōmānī Quirītium foedus ictum īrī spopondērunt#, L. 9, 10, 9, _inasmuch as these persons have promised that a covenant should be made, without the order of the Roman nation of Quirites_.

#sī.#

2015. #sī#, in early Latin #sei#, is originally a locative, meaning _under those circumstances_, _so_. With the enclitic #-ce#, it forms #sīce# or #sīc#, _so_. The two are sometimes found as correlatives in colloquial style: as, #sīc scrībēs aliquid, sī vacābis#, _Att._ 12, 38, 2, _so you shall have time, so you will write something_. See 708.

CONDITIONAL PERIODS.

2016. A protasis introduced by #sī#, _so_, _if_, or #nisi#, _unless_, _if not_, states a condition; the apodosis states action occurring under that condition. The conditional protasis and apodosis combined make a _Conditional Period_.

Thus, #sī diēs est#, _if it is day_, is a conditional protasis; combined with an apodosis, #lūcet#, _it is light_, it makes a conditional period: #sī diēs est, lūcet#, _Inv._ 1, 86, _if it is day, it is light_.

2017. A parenthesis with #ut# (1943) is added when the speaker asserts that the action of the protasis is not only assumed, but actually occurs: as, #sī virtūs digna est glōriātiōne, ut est, beātus esse poterit virtūte ūnā praeditus#, _Fin._ 4, 51, _if virtue is entitled to glorification, as it really is, he will find it possible to be happy in the possession of virtue alone_. #sī nox opportūna est ēruptiōnī, sīcut est, haec profectō noctis aptissima hōra est#, L. 7, 35, 10, _if night is always favourable for a sortie, and it always is, this particular hour of the night is surely the very best time_.

2018. The apodosis is usually declarative. Often, however, it is interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative, or it may take any other form which the thought or the context may require. The apodosis has rarely a correlative to #sī#: as, #igitur#, _it follows that_, #idcircō#, _for all that_, #tum#, _then_, #ita#, #sīc#, _only_, #eā condiciōne#, _on condition_; #at#, _but_, #tamen#, _nevertheless_, #certē#, #saltem#, _at any rate_, #tum dēnique#, #tum dēmum#, _then and not till then_.

2019. #sī# is sometimes followed by #quidem# or, from Cicero on, by #modo#: #sī quidem#, _that is if_, _since_, _even if_, #sī modo#, _if only_. #sī tamen#, _at least if_, is found in Lucretius, Sallust, the Augustan poets and in late writers. #sīve ... sīve# (#seu . . . seu#) or, in old Latin, #sī . . . sīve#, _whether . . . or_, with the indicative or the subjunctive of the indefinite second person (1556), leaves a choice between two cases possible. By abbreviation of the protasis #sīve# becomes a coordinating particle: see 1672.

2020. The negative of #sī# is #sī nōn#, _if not_ (#sī nēmō#, #sī nūllus#, &c.), or #nisi#, _unless_, _if not_, used especially of an exception or after a negative, #nisi sī#, chiefly in old, colloquial, or late Latin, or, particularly in solemn language or poetry, #nī# is sometimes used for #nisi#. A restriction, usually an ironical afterthought, may be introduced by #nisi forte# (rare before Cicero) or #nisi vērō# (in Cicero and Pliny the Younger) with the indicative.

#nisi# is sometimes found in an adversative sense in old and colloquial Latin, especially after #nesciō#; from Cicero on, it may be strengthened by #tamen#. For #nisi quod#, see 1848.