Part 42

1965. The subjunctive with #ut# or #ut nōn# is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of certain verbs and expressions, chiefly of bringing to pass, happening, and following.

Such are: (_a._) #faciō#, #efficiō# (unless they imply purpose, 1951); #fit#, #accidit#, #contingit#, #ēvenit#, #est#, _it is the case_; similarly #mōs est#, #cōnsuētūdō est#, &c. (_b._) #proximum est#, #reliquum est#, #extrēmum est#, #relinquitur#, #restat#, #accēdit#. Or, of logical sequence, #sequitur#, #efficitur#.

(_a._) #fēcērunt ut cōnsimilis fugae profectiō vidērētur#, 2, 11, 1, _they made their march look exactly like a stampede_. #splendor vester facit ut peccāre sine summō perīculō nōn possītis#, _V._ 1, 22, _your conspicuous position makes it impossible for you to do wrong without great peril_. #hīs rēbus fīēbat, ut minus lātē vagārentur#, 1, 2, 4, _so it came to pass that they did not rove round much_. #fit ut nātūrā ipsā ad ōrnātius dīcendī genus excitēmur#, _DO._ 2, 338, _it is sometimes the case that we are roused to a loftier style in oratory by sheer circumstance_. #potest fierī ut fallar#, _Fam._ 13, 73, 2, _it is possible that I am mistaken_. #fierī nōn potest ut eum tū nōn cōgnōverīs#, _V._ 2, 190, _it must be the case that you have made his acquaintance yourself_. #eādem nocte accidit, ut esset lūna plēna#, 4, 29, 1, _it came to pass on the same night that there was a full moon_ (1758). #negāvit mōris esse Graecōrum ut in convīviō virōrum accumberent mulierēs#, _V._ 1, 66, _he said it was not etiquette among the Greeks for women to go to men’s dinner parties_. #est hōc commūne vitium in līberīs cīvitātibus, ut invidia glōriae comes sit#, N. 12, 3, 3, _this is a common trouble in free communities, that envy is the attendant of a great name_.

(_b._) #proximum est, ut doceam#, _DN._ 2, 73, _my next task is to prove_. #relinquēbātur ut neque longius ab āgmine legiōnum discēdī Caesar paterētur#, 5, 19, 3, _the consequence was that Caesar could not allow any very distant excursion from the main line of march_. #restat ut doceam omnia hominum causā facta esse#, _DN._ 2, 154, _lastly, I must prove that everything is made for man_. #accēdēbat ut tempestātem ferrent#, 3, 13, 9, _then, too, they could stand the gale_. #accēdit ut# is not found in old Latin; for #accēdit quod#, see 1845. #ita efficitur ut omne corpus mortāle sit#, _DN._ 3, 30, _thus it follows that every bodily substance is mortal_. #sequitur# and #efficitur#, _it follows_, often have the accusative with the infinitive (2207). For the subjunctive with #quam ut# after a comparative of disproportion, see 1896. For #fore# and #futūrum esse ut# as the periphrasis for the future infinitive, see 2233.

1966. Verbs of happening may often be rendered best by compacter expressions: thus, #hīs rēbus fīēbat ut#, _consequently_; #fit ut#, _once in a while_, _sometimes_, _often_; #fierī potest ut#, _possibly_; #accidit ut#, _accidentally_, _unfortunately_.

1967. #faciō ut#, or with a negative, commonly #committō ut#, is used in circumlocutions for emphasis: as,

#faciundum mihī̆ putāvī, ut tuīs litterīs brevī respondērem#, _Fam._ 3, 8, 1, _I thought I ought to take hold and write a few lines in answer to your letter_. #ego vērō nōn committam, ut tibī̆ causam recūsandī dem#, _DO._ 2, 233, _no, no, sir, I will not be guilty, not I, of giving you an excuse to back out_. So particularly with #invītus#, #libenter#, #prope#: as, #invītus fēcī ut L. Flāminīnum ē senātū ēicerem#, _CM._ 42, _it was with great reluctance that I expelled Flamininus from the senate_.

1968. A subjunctive clause with #ut# is often used to define a preceding idea indicated in a general way by a neuter pronoun: as,

#post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī id, quod cōnstituerant, facere cōnantur, ut ē fīnibus suīs exeant#, 1, 5, 1, _after his death the Helvetians attempted just the same to carry out their resolution of moving out of their abodes_ (1752). #omnibus Gallīs idem esse faciendum, quod Helvētiī fēcerint, ut domō ēmigrent#, 1, 31, 14, _that all the Gauls must do just as the Helvetians had done and move away from home_. #Helvētiī, cum id, quod ipsī diēbus XX aegerrimē cōnfēcerant, ut flūmen trānsīrent, illum ūnō diē fēcisse intellegerent, lēgātōs mittunt#, 1, 13, 2, _when the Helvetians learned that the Roman commander had done in a single day what they had found it hard themselves to do in twenty, namely cross the river, they sent deputies_ (1752). #id aliquot dē causīs acciderat, ut subitō Gallī bellī renovandi cōnsilium caperent#, 3, 2, 2, _it was due to a variety of reasons that the Gauls suddenly conceived the idea of making war again_ (1758). #hocine bonī esse officium servī exīstumas, ut erī suī corrumpat et rem et fīlium?# Pl. _Most._ 27, _is this what you think the duty of a good slave, to waste his own master’s property and corrupt his son?_

1969. #tantum abest#, _so far from_, is sometimes followed by a double #ut#, the first introducing an unreal, and the second a real action: as,

#tantum abest ut haec bēstiārum causā parāta sint, ut ipsās bēstiās hominum grātiā generātās esse videāmus#, _DN._ 2, 158, _so far from these things being made for brutes, we see that brutes themselves were created for man_. This use, very rarely personal, begins with Cicero, and is common in his writings and in Livy. Not in Caesar, Sallust, or Tacitus. Sometimes instead of #ut# the second sentence is coordinated (1700): #tantum abfuit ut īnflammārēs nostrōs animōs, somnum vix tenēbāmus#, _Br._ 278, _so far from your firing our heart, we could hardly keep awake_. Or, the idea is expressed by #ita nōn . . . ut#: as, #erat ita nōn timidus ad mortem, ut in aciē sit ob rem pūblicam interfectus#, _Fin._ 2, 63, _so far from being afraid of death, he fell in battle for his country_.

[Erratum: 1965a ... splendor vester facit ut word may be “voster”: major blot over text]

II. PURE CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES.

1970. The subjunctive is used with #ut# or #ut nōn# to denote result.

The result may be the result of an action or of a thing named in the main sentence. The main sentence often has a correlative to #ut#, expressing (_a._) degree: as, #tantus#, _so great_, #tam#, _so_ (with adjectives or adverbs), #adeō#, #tantopere#. (_b._) quality: as, #is# (#hīc#, #ille#, #iste#), _such_, #tālis#, #ita#, #sīc#.

#mōns altissimus impendēbat, ut facile perpaucī prohibēre possent#, 1, 6, 1, _an exceeding high mountain hung over, so that a very few could block the way_. #dictitābant sē domō expulsōs, omnibus necessāriīs egēre rēbus, ut honestā praescrīptiōne rem turpissimam tegerent#, Caes. _C._ 3, 32, 4, _they stoutly declared that they were driven out of house and home, and lacked the necessaries of life, thus veiling dishonour under the name of respectability_.

(_a._) #Ariovistus tantōs sibī̆ spīritūs sūmpserat, ut ferendus nōn vidērētur#, 1, 33, 5, _Ariovistus had put on such high and mighty airs as to seem intolerable_. #adeō angustō marī cōnflīxit, ut eius multitūdō nāvium explicārī nōn potuerit#, N. 2, 4, 5, _he went into action in such cramped sea-room, that his armada could not deploy_, of Xerxes (1757).

(_b._) #eōs dēdūxī testēs ut dē istīus factō dubium esse nēminī possit#, _V._ 4, 91, _I have brought such witnesses that nobody can entertain a doubt of the defendant’s guilt_. #ita sē recipiēbat ut nihil nisi dē perniciē populī Rōmānī cōgitāret#, _Ph._ 4, 4, _he retreated, it is true, but retreated with his mind running on nothing but how to ruin the country_. #illa, ex tūribulīs quae ēvellerat, ita scītē in aureīs pōculīs inligābat, ut ea ad illam rem nāta esse dīcerēs#, _V._ 4, 54, _what he had torn from the censers he attached to golden cups so cunningly that you would have said it was just made for that very purpose_ (1731, 1559).

For the imperfect subjunctive connected with a main general present, see 1751; for the independent present or perfect subjunctive with a main secondary tense, see 1757.

#ubī̆.#

1971. #ubī̆#, in the sense of _where_ (709), has the ordinary construction of a relative (1812-1831). For #ubī̆#, _when_, see 1923-1926 and 1932-1934; as a synonym of #sī#, _if_, see 2110.

#quō# or #quī#.

1972. #quō#, #whereby#, #wherewith#, or in old Latin sometimes #quī# (689), is the instrumental ablative from the relative and interrogative stem #qui-#. Combined with #minus#, _the less_, _not_, #quō# gives #quōminus#.

WITH THE INDICATIVE.

1973. The indicative is used with #quō# and a comparative in the protasis of a comparative period, with #eō# or #hōc# and a comparative as correlative (1393): as,

#quō dēlictum maius est, eō poena est tardior#, _Caec._ 7, _the greater the sin is, the slower is the punishment_. The #eō# or #hōc# is sometimes omitted: as, #quō plūrēs sumus, plūribus rēbus egēbimus#, L. 34, 34, 6, _the more numerous we are, the more things we shall need_. In late writers, the comparative is sometimes omitted in the main clause, very rarely in the subordinate clause. #quantō . . . tantō# are also used like #quō . . . eō#: as, #quantō diūtius cōnsīderō, tantō mihī̆ rēs vidētur obscūrior#, _DN._ 1, 60, _the longer I puzzle over it, the more incomprehensible the question seems to me_. #quantō magis extergeō, tenuius fit#, Pl. _R._ 1301, _the more I polish, the slimmer it gets_. This form is sometimes used with #quisque# or #quis# of indefinite persons, instead of the commoner #ut . . . ita# or #sīc# (1939): as, #quō quisque est sollertior, hōc docet labōriōsius#, _RC._ 31, _the brighter a man is, the more wearisome he finds teaching_. #quō quisque est maior, magis est plācābilis īrae#, O. _Tr._ 3, 5, 31, _the greater be the man, the easier ’tis his anger to appease_.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

1974. The subjunctive is used with #quō# to express purpose.

#quō# differs but little in meaning from #ut# of purpose. It is used (_a._) particularly in clauses containing a comparative expression, or (_b._) in solemn law language.

(_a._) #equitēs omnibus in locīs pugnant, quō sē legiōnāriīs mīlitibus praeferrent#, 2, 27, 2, _the troopers fought on every kind of ground, hoping to outshine the regular infantry thereby_. #medicō putō aliquid dandum esse, quō sit studiōsior#, _Fam._ 16, 4, 2, _I think it would be well to fee your medical man, to make him more attentive_. #id amābō adiūtā mē quō id fīat facilius#, T. _Eu._ 150, _help me in that, I pray, that it may be the easier done_. #sublāta erat celebritās virōrum ac mulierum, quō lāmentātiō minuerētur#, _Leg._ 2, 65, _the large attendance of both sexes was done away with, to make the weeping and wailing less harrowing_. (_b._) #hominī mortuō nē ossa legitō, quō pos fūnus faciat#, Twelve Tables in _Leg._ 2, 60, _he shall not gather up the bones of a dead man, with intent to celebrate the funeral a second time_ (1586). #quī eōrum coiīt, coierit, quō quis iūdiciō pūblicō condemnārētur#, law in _Clu._ 148, _whosoever of that number conspired or shall have conspired to have anybody condemned in a criminal court_. Otherwise rarely used without a comparative expression, yet occasionally found thus in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, and Ovid: as, #hanc simulant parere quō Chremētem absterreant#, T. _Andr._ 472, _they’re pretending that she’s lying in, to frighten Chremes off_. So often in Tacitus.

1975. #quō nē#, in a negative clause of purpose, is found in a disputed passage in Horace, but not again until late Latin. For #nōn quō#, #nōn eō quō#, introducing an untenable reason, see 1855.

1976. In old Latin #quī#, _whereby_, _wherewith_, _withal_, is partly felt as a live relative pronoun in the ablative, and partly as a mere conjunction of purpose; as a pronoun it may even take a preposition; as a conjunction, it may refer to a plural antecedent (689): as, #quasi patriciīs puerīs aut monērulae aut anitēs aut cōturnīcēs dantur, quīcum lūsitent: itidem mī haec upupa, quī mē dēlectem datast#, Pl. _Cap._ 1002, _as to the sons of gentlemen or daws or ducks or quails are given, wherewith to play; just so to me this crow is given, to entertain myself withal_. #enim mihi quidem aequomst dari vehicla quī vehar#, Pl. _Aul._ 500, _in sooth ‘t were fair that carriages be given me, to ride withal_. The indicative occurs where the subjunctive would be used in classical Latin: as, #multa concurrunt simul, quī coniectūram hanc faciō#, T. _Andr._ 511, _a thousand things combine whereby I come to this conjecture_.

[Erratum: 1974 ... (_b._) . invisible]

#quōminus.#

1977. The subjunctive with #quōminus# (1972) is used to complete the sense of verbs of hindering or resisting.

Such verbs are: #impediō#, #teneō#, _hinder_, #interclūdō#, #dēterreō#, #obstō#, #obsistō#, #resistō#, #repugnō#, #nōn recūsō#; these verbs often have a subjunctive with #nē# (1960). Cicero rarely and Caesar never uses #quōminus# with #impediō# or #prohibeō#. For the accusative and infinitive with these verbs, see 2203. #quōminus# is also used with #moveor#, _am influenced_, #fit#, _it is owing to_, #stat per aliquem#, _somebody is responsible_, or indeed any expression implying hindrance. When the verb of hindering has a negative with it, #quīn# is often used; see 1986.

#nōn dēterret sapientem mors, quōminus rē̆ī pūblicae suīsque cōnsulat#, _TD._ 1, 91, _death does not hinder the wise man from working for country and friends_. #quid obstat, quōminus sit beātus?# _DN._ 1, 95, _what is to hinder his being happy?_ #neque recūsāvit quōminus lēgis poenam subīret#, N. 15, 8, 2, _and he did not decline to submit to the penalty of the law_. #Caesar, ubī̆ cōgnōvit per Āfrānium stāre quōminus proeliō dīmicārētur, castra facere cōnstituit#, Caes. _C._ 1, 41, 3, _when Caesar learned that owing to Afranius there was no battle, he resolved to build a camp_. #sī tē dolor corporis tenuit, quōminus ad lūdōs venīrēs, fortūnae magis tribuō quam sapientiae tuae#, _Fam._ 7, 1, 1, _if it was bodily suffering that kept you from coming to the performances, I think more highly of your luck than of your sense_. Terence first uses #quōminus# thus, but only rarely. He also sometimes uses the parts separately so that the true relative and negative forces appear: as, #sī sēnserō quicquam in hīs tē nūptiīs fallāciae cōnārī, quō fīant minus#, T. _Andr._ 196, _if I catch you trying on any trick in the matter of this marriage through which it may not come off_ (1451).

1978. In Tacitus, #quōminus# is sometimes found where #quīn# would be used in classical Latin (1986): as, #nec dubitātum quōminus pācem concēderent#, Ta. _H._ 2, 45, _there was no hesitation in granting peace_.

1979. It may be mentioned here that #quō sētius# with the subjunctive, instead of #quōminus#, is found twice in Cicero’s earliest extant prose, and twice in older Latin.

#quīn.#

1980. #quīn# is composed of #quī#, the ablative or locative of the interrogative and relative stem #qui-# (689), and #-ne#, _not_. It is used in simple sentences and as a conjunctive particle.

1981. For the use of #quīn#, _why not_, in questions with the indicative, see 1526. Such questions have the sense of an affirmative command or exhortation (1531): as, #quīn abīs#, Pl. _MG._ 1087, _why won’t you begone?_ or _get you gone_. #quīn cōnscendimus equōs#, L. 1, 57, 7, _why not mount_, or _to horse, to horse_. For the use of #quīn# without interrogative force, see 1527.

1982. #quīn# is found occasionally with the subjunctive in a direct question in Plautus, Terence, Lucilius, Lucretius, Cicero, and Tacitus: thus, #quīn ego hōc rogem?# Pl. _MG._ 426, _why shouldn’t I ask this?_ (1563).

1983. The subjunctive with the conjunctive particle #quīn# is used,

## particularly in old Latin, in connection with the common formula #nūlla

causa est# or its equivalents.

Such a subjunctive may be regarded as original (1786) or as due to the indirect form of question (1773).

#nūlla causast quīn mē condōnēs crucī#, Pl. _R._ 1070, _there’s no reason why you shouldn’t deliver me up to execution_. #quīn dēcēdam, nūlla causa est#, _Fam._ 2, 17, 1, _there is no reason why I should not retire_. #quid causaest quīn in pistrīnum rēctā proficīscar viā?# T. _Andr._ 600, _what’s the reason I don’t march straight into the mill?_ #haud causificor quīn eam habeam#, Pl. _Aul._ 755, _I don’t quibble against keeping her_.

1984. #mīrum quīn# with the subjunctive is used by Plautus in sarcastic expressions where #mīrum# is ironical: as, #mīrum quīn tū illō tēcum dīvitiās ferās#, Pl. _Tri._ 495, _strange enough, how you can’t take your money there with you_, that is to Hades.

1985. The subjunctive with #quīn# (or #ut nōn#) is used after #nōn possum#, or #nōn possum# with an infinitive, usually #facere#, and with #fierī nōn potest#: as,

#nōn enim possum quīn exclāmem, eugē, eugē, Lȳsitelēs, πάλιν#, Pl. _Tri._ 705, _upon my word I must cry bravo, bravo, Lysiteles; encore!_ #facere nōn potuī quīn tibī̆ sententiam dēclārārem#, _Fam._ 6, 13, 1, _I could not help giving you my views_. #fierī nūllō modō poterat, quīn Cleomenī parcerētur#, _V._ 5, 104, _it was impossible not to spare Cleomenes_. #ēheu, nequeō quīn fleam, quom abs tē abeam#, Pl. _MG._ 1342, _O well-a-day, I needs must weep, for that from thee I part_. #nōn potuistī ūllō modō facere, ut mihī̆ illam epistulam nōn mitterēs#, _Att._ 11, 21, 1, _you could not get along at all without writing me that letter_ (1965).

1986. The subjunctive with _quīn_ is used in clauses which complete the sense of verbs of restraining, abstaining, delaying, or doubting, when such verbs have a negative, expressed or implied.

Such verbs are (_a._) restraining: #temperō mihī̆#, #teneō#, _restrain_, #retineō#, #contineō#, #dēterreō#, #reprimō#. abstaining: #praetermittō#, #intermittō#. delaying: #cunctor#, #differō#, #exspectō#, #recūsō#; #nōn multum#, #nihil#, #paulum abest#. (_b._) doubting: #dubitō#, #dubium est#; a doubt may also be implied in other words, or forms of words: as, #nōn metuō#, #nōn abest suspīciō#, &c.

(_a._) #neque sibī̆ hominēs barbarōs temperātūrōs exīstimābat, quīn in prōvinciam exīrent#, 1, 33, 4, _and he thought, as they were savages, they would not restrain themselves, but would sally out into the province_. #vix mē contineō quīn involem mōnstrō in capillum#, T. _Eu._ 859, _I scarce can keep from flying at the caitiff’s hair_. #nihil praetermīsī, quīn Pompēium ā Caesaris coniūnctiōne āvocārem#, _Ph._ 2, 23, _I left no stone unturned to prevent Pompey from joining Caesar_. #abstinēre quīn attingās nōn queās#, Pl. _B._ 915, _you can’t keep from touching it_. (_b._) #nōn dubitat, quīn tē ductūrum negēs#, T. _Andr._ 405, _he doesn’t doubt that you’ll refuse to marry_. #quis dubitet, quīn in virtūte dīvitiae sint?# _Par._ 48, _who can doubt that there is money in virtue?_ #neque abest suspīciō quīn ipse sibī̆ mortem cōnscīverit#, 1, 4, 4, _and ground is not wanting for the belief that he made away with himself_.

1987. #nōn dubitō# has other constructions: (_a._) Indirect question. (#b.#) Accusative with the infinitive (in some authors: chiefly Nepos and Livy and later writers). (_c._) Meaning _not hesitate_, the infinitive alone (2169). #quīn# seldom follows this meaning.

(_a._) #nōn dubitō, quid nōbīs agendum putēs#, _Att._ 10, 1, 2, _I have no doubt about what you think is our duty to do_. (_b._) #neque enim dubitābant hostem ventūrum#, L. 22. 55, 2, _for they firmly believed the enemy would come_. (_c._) #quid dubitāmus pultāre?# Pl. _B._ 1117, _why do we hesitate to knock?_ #nōlīte dubitāre quīn huic crēdātis omnia#, _IP._ 68, _do not hesitate to trust all to him_.

1988. The subjunctive with #quīn# is often used after general negative assertions, or questions implying a negative: as,

#nēmō fuit omnīnō mīlitum quīn vulnerārētur#, Caes. _C._ 3, 53, 3, _there was absolutely not a single soldier but was wounded_. #nūllust Ephesī quīn sciat#, Pl. _B._ 336, _there’s not a soul at Ephesus but knows_. #quis in circum vēnit, quīn is ūnōquōque gradū dē avāritiā tuā commonērētur?# _V._ 1, 154, _who came to the circus without being reminded of your avarice at each and every step?_ #nūlla fuit cīvitās quīn partem senātūs Cordubam mitteret, nōn cīvis Rōmānus quīn convenīret#, Caes. _C._ 2, 19, 2, _there was not a community but sent a part of its local senate to Corduba, not a Roman citizen, but went to the meeting_. For #quī nōn# after such expressions, see 1821. The main sentence often has #tam#, #ita#, #sīc#, or #tantus#: as, #nēmō est tam fortis, quīn rē̆ī novitāte perturbētur#, 6, 39, 3, _there was nobody so brave but was demoralized by the strangeness of the situation_. #nīl tam difficilest quīn quaerendō investīgārī possiet#, T. _Hau._ 675, _there’s naught so hard but may by searching be tracked out_. Instead of #quīn#, #ut nōn# or #quī nōn# is often used in such combinations (1821).

1989. The subjunctive in an untenable reason, negatively put, is sometimes introduced by #nōn quīn# instead of #nōn quod nōn# or #nōn quō nōn# (1855): as, #nōn quīn parī virtūte aliī fuerint#, _Ph._ 7, 6, _not that others may not have been his peers in virtue_.

1990. #quīn# is used very rarely instead of #quōminus# to introduce clauses completing the sense of verbs which have no negative expressed or implied: as, once each in the _Bellum Alexandrīnum_, in Tacitus, and in Seneca’s prose.

#dum#, #dōnec#, #quoad#, #quamdiū#.

1991. With the temporal particles #dum#, _while_, _until_, and #dōnec#, _until_ (in old Latin #dōnicum# and in Lucretius #dōnique#), may be conveniently treated the relative #quaad# or #quoad# (that is #quā# or #quō# combined with #ad#), _while_, _until_, and the comparative #quamdiū#, _as long as_.

1992. #dum#, _while_, means originally _a while_ (1151): as, #circumspice dum#, Pl. _Tri._ 146, _look round you a while_, _a minute_, _just look round_ (1573). #dum servī meī perplacet mihi cōnsilium, dum haud placet#, Pl. _Merc._ 348, _one while my slave’s plan suits me completely, another while it doesn’t suit_. #dum . . . dum#, Accius in _DN._ 2, 89, _one while . . . another_.

1993. As a pure conjunctive particle, #dum#, _while_, means either (A.) _in the time while_, or (B.) _all the time while_; in the latter sense #quoad# and #quamdiū# are also used. From _all the time while_, #dum# comes to mean (C.) _as long as_, _provided_; and (D.) _until_; in this sense #quoad# and #dōnec# are also used.

1994. The indicative is used in a protasis introduced by #dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _while_; and the subjunctive in a protasis introduced by #dum#, _provided_, or _until_.

The subjunctive is also used for special reasons, as in indirect discourse (1725), by attraction (1728), of action conceivable (1731), or by late writers to express repeated past action (1730). See also 1997 and 2009, end.

(A.) #dum#, _in the time while_.

1995. The present indicative is regularly used with #dum#, _in the time while_ (1739).

#dum# sometimes has as correlative #subitō#, #repente#; #iam#, #intereā#, &c.