Part 35

Thus, the combination #vidē: nē mē lūdās#, _see to it; don’t you fool me_ (1547), in which the two verbs are used separately, blends into one whole, #vidē nē mē lūdās#, Pl. _Cur._ 325, _see to it you don’t fool me_. Similarly, #metuō: nē peccet#, _I am afraid; let her not slip up_ (1548), becomes #metuō nē peccet#, Pl. _Per._ 624, _I am afraid she may slip up_. From its frequent use in sentences of subordinate meaning, #nē# came at an early period to be regarded as a subordinating conjunction also, _lest_, _that . . . not_, as well as an adverb, and took the place of the less usual #ut nē#. Hence members with #nē# are more conveniently treated under the head of subordination (1947).

1707. (1.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of wishing. Such are #volō#, #nōlō#, rarely #mālō#, #optō#, #placet#, &c.: as,

#animum advortās volō#, Pl. _Cap._ 388, _I wish you would pay heed_ (1548). #quid vīs faciam?# T. _Hau._ 846, _what wilt thou I should do?_ (1563). #vin conmūtēmus? tuam ego dūcam et tū meam?# Pl. _Tri._ 59, _would you like to swap? I take your wife, and you take mine?_ (1563). #mālō tē sapiēns hostis metuat, quam stultī cīvēs laudent#, L. 22, 39, 20, _I would rather a wise enemy should fear you, than stupid fellow-citizens admire you_ (1548). Coordination is the rule with #velim#, #vellem#, &c., used in the sense of #utinam# (1540): as, #dē Menedēmō vellem vērum fuisset, dē rēgīnā velim vērum sit#, _Att._ 15, 4, 4, _about Menedemus I could wish it had been true, about the queen I hope it may be true_. #tellūs optem prius īma dehīscat#, V. 4, 24, _I would the earth to deepest depths might sooner yawn_. #L. Domitius dīxit placēre sībī̆ sententiās dē singulīs ferrent#, Caes. _C._ 3, 83, 3, _Domitius said his view was they should vote on the men separately_.

1708. (2.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of request, entreaty, encouragement, exhortation, charge, direction, command. Such are #precor#, #rogō#, #ōrō#, #petō#, #hortor#, #postulō#, #moneō#, #cēnseō#; #mandō#, #imperō#, #praecipiō#, #dēcernō#; and chiefly in old Latin, #iubeō#: as,

(_a._) #reddās incolumem precor#, H. 1, 3, 7, _deliver him up safe I pray_. #rogat fīnem ōrandī faciat#, 1, 20, 5, _he requests him to make an end of entreaty_. #ā tē id quod suēstī petō, mē absentem dēfendās#, _Fam._ 15, 8, _I ask you to do as you always do, stand up for me when I am away_. #nōn hortor sōlum sed etiam rogō atque ōrō, tē colligās virumque praebeās#, _Fam._ 5, 18, 1, _I not only exhort you, but more than that I beg and entreat you, pull yourself together and quit you like a man_. #postulō etiam atque etiam cōnsīderēs quō prōgrediāre#, L. 3, 45, 10, _I charge you think again and again what you are coming to_. #tē moneō videās, quid agās. magnō opere cēnseō, dēsistās#, _V._ 5, 174, _I advise you to consider what you are doing. I earnestly recommend you to stop_. #hunc admonet iter cautē faciat#, 5, 49, 3, _he warns him he must pursue his march with care_. (_b._) #huic mandat Rēmōs adeat#, 3, 11, 2, _he directs him to go to the Remans_. #praecipit ūnum omnēs peterent Indutiomarum#, 5, 58, 5, _he says they must all concentrate their attack on Indutiomarus_. #huic imperat quās possit adeat cīvitātēs#, 4, 21, 8, _he orders him to visit such communities as he can_. #senātus dēcrēvit darent operam cōnsulēs nē quid rēs pūblica dētrīmentī caperet#, S. _C._ 29, 2, _the senate decreed the consuls must see to it that the commonwealth received no harm_. #iube maneat#, T. _Hau._ 737, _tell her she must stay_. #mīlitēs certiōrēs facit, paulisper intermitterent proelium#, 3, 5, 3, _he tells the soldiers they must stop fighting a little while_. #abī, nūntiā patribus urbem Rōmānam mūniant#, L. 22, 49, 10, _go tell the fathers they must fortify Rome town_. #dīxī equidem in carcerem īrēs#, Pl. _St._ 624, _I’m sure I told you you must go to jail_. #scrībit Labiēnō cum legiōne veniat#, 5, 46, 3, _he writes to Labienus he must come with a legion_. #lēgātiōnem mittunt sī velit suōs recipere, obsidēs sibī̆ remittat#, 3, 8, 5, _they send an embassy, if he wishes to get his own men back, he must send back the hostages to them_.

1709. (3.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with expressions of propriety or necessity. Such are #oportet#, #optumum est#, #opus est#, #decet#, #necesse est#.

#mē ipsum amēs oportet, nōn mea#, _Fin._ 2, 85, _it is myself you should love, not my possessions_. #quoniam habēs istum equom, aut ēmerīs oportet, aut hērēditāte possideās, aut surripuerīs necesse est#, _Inv._ 1, 84, _since you are in possession of that horse, you must either have bought him or inherited him, or else you must necessarily have stolen him_. #sed taceam optumumst#, Pl. _E._ 60, _but I’d best hold my tongue_. #nihil opust rescīscat#, Pl. _Mer._ 1004, _she needn’t find it out at all_. #condemnētur necesse est#, _RA._ 111, _be condemned he needs must_.

1710. (4.) The subjunctive is sometimes coordinated with verbs of permission or concession. Such are #permittō# in Sallust and Livy, #concēdō#, also #sinō#, mostly in the imperative, chiefly in old Latin and poetry, and the impersonal #licet# (used thus often in Cicero, rarely before or after): as,

#supplēmentum scrīberent cōnsulēs, permissum#, L. 27, 22, 11, _leave was given that the consuls might fill up the army_. #sine sciam#, L. 2, 40, 5, _let me know_. #sine modo adveniat senex#, Pl. _Most._ 11, _let but the old man come_. #fremant omnēs licet, dīcam quod sentiō#, _DO._ 1, 195, _though everybody may growl, I will say what I think_. See 1904.

1711. (5.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with the imperative #cavē̆#, #cavētō#, #cavēte#, _beware_, used in the sense of #nē# (1585): as,

#cavē faciās#, _Att._ 13, 33, 4, _don’t do it_. #cave dīrumpātis#, Pl. _Poen. prol._ 117, _don’t break it off_ (1075).

1712. (6.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of giving, persuading, accomplishing, taking care. In this case the subjunctive has the meaning of purpose or result. Such are the imperative #cedo#, and #dō#, #persuādeō#, #impetrō#, #cūrō#, also #faciō#, particularly #fac# and #facitō#: as,

#cedo bibam#, Pl. _Most._ 373, _give me to drink_. #date bibat tībīcinī#, Pl. _St._ 757, _give the piper to drink_. #huic Sp. Albīnus persuādet rēgnum Numidiae ā senātū petat#, S. _I._ 35, 2, _Albinus induces him to ask of the senate the throne of Numidia_. #tandem inpetrāvī abīret#, Pl. _Tri._ 591, _at last I’ve coaxed him to clear out_. #fac sciam#, _Fam._ 7, 16, 3, _let me know_. #faxō sciās#, Pl. _Men._ 644, _I’ll let you know_, much oftener #sciēs# or #scībis# (1700). #fac bellus revertāre#, _Fam._ 16, 18, 1, _mind you come back a beauty_ (1579).

1713. A subjunctive is now and then loosely coordinated with verbs in general, to indicate the purpose of the action: as,

#ēvocāte hūc Sōsiam, Blepharōnem arcēssat#, Pl. _Am._ 949, _call Sosia here, let him fetch Blepharo_. #clārē advorsum fābulābor, hic auscultet quae loquar#, Pl. _Am._ 300, _I’ll speak distinctly face to face, that he may hear what I shall say_. #operam hanc subrupuī tibī̆, ex mē scīrēs#, Pl. _Am._ 523, _I did this secretly for you, that you might learn from me_. #manibus date līlia plēnīs, purpureōs spargam flōrēs#, V. 6, 883, _lilies in handfuls give, I fain would scatter purple flowers_, that is, _that I may scatter_.

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE, OR SUBORDINATION.

1714. In a complex sentence, that is one consisting of a main and a subordinate sentence, the subordinate member is introduced by some subordinating word: such are,

I. Interrogative words, in indirect questions; II. Relative pronouns; III. Relative conjunctive particles, or conjunctive particles not of relative origin.

1715. Subordinate sentences may have the value of a substantive, usually as subject or as object; of an attributive; or of an adverb or adverbial adjunct: as,

(_a._) #eādem nocte accidit ut esset lūna plēna#, 4, 29, 1, _it came to pass the same night that there was a full moon_. #videō quid agās#, _Fam._ 16, 17, _I see what you are driving at_. (_b._) #fundus quī est in agrō, quī Sabīnus vocātur, eum meum esse aiō#, _Mur._ 26, _the estate which is in the territory which is called Sabine, that I maintain is mine_, lawyers’ wordiness for #fundus Sabīnus#. (_c._) #cum advesperāsceret, ad pontem Mulvium pervēnērunt#, _C._ 3, 5, _when it was getting dark, they reached the Mulvius bridge_, i.e. #vesperī#, or #prīmō vespere#.

1716. Subordinate sentences which express time or place, are called _Temporal_ or _Local_ sentences; comparison or manner, _Comparative_ or _Modal_ sentences; condition, cause, or concession, _Conditional_, _Causal_, or _Concessive_ sentences; purpose, _Final_ sentences; result, _Consecutive_ sentences.

1717. In a main sentence, the indicative present, future, and future perfect, and the imperative, are called _Primary Tenses_; the indicative imperfect, historical perfect, and pluperfect, and the infinitive of intimation, are called _Secondary Tenses_. The perfect definite and the present of vivid narration are sometimes regarded as primary tenses, oftener as secondary tenses.

1718. Verbs which have an implication of futurity, such as those meaning _can_, _ought_, _must_, &c., with an infinitive, also subjunctives of wish (1540) or of exhortation (1547), may be called _Virtual Futures_.

1719. Sometimes the subjunctive serves as a main sentence: see 1762; sometimes a noun of the verb: see 1766.

MOOD OF THE SUBORDINATE SENTENCE.

1720. The indicative and the subjunctive are both used in subordinate sentences, as will be shown in the treatment of the several words of subordination. Some general uses may be mentioned collectively here.

THE INDICATIVE MOOD.

1721. The indicative is ordinarily used in sentences introduced by a relative pronoun, or by a causal conjunctive word other than #cum#.

#pontem, quī erat ad Genāvam, iubet rescindī#, 1, 7, 2, _he orders the bridge which was near Geneva torn up_. #concēdō, quia necesse est#, _RA._ 145, _I give up, because I have to_. In sentences of this class, however, the subjunctive is often required, particularly in indirect discourse (1722), or in cases of attraction (1728).

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE AND OF ATTRACTION.

1722. The subjunctive is used in relative, causal, temporal, and conditional sentences in indirect discourse, and in cases of attraction.

1723. A direct quotation or question gives the words of the original speaker without alteration. When the original words of a quotation or question are changed to conform to the construction of the sentence in which they are quoted, it is called _Indirect Discourse_.

1724. In the complete form of indirect discourse, the subjunctive is subordinate to an infinitive or an accusative with the infinitive, dependent on a verb of saying or thinking (2175): as,

#negat Epicūrus iūcundē posse vīvī, nisi cum virtūte vīvātur#, _TD._ 3, 49, _Epicurus avers there is no living happily, without living virtuously_; directly, #iūcundē vīvī nōn potest, nisi cum virtūte vīvitur#. #Sōcratēs dīcere solēbat, omnēs in eō quod scīrent, satis esse ēloquentēs#, _DO._ 1, 63, _Socrates used to maintain that all men were eloquent enough in a matter they knew_; directly, #omnēs in eō quod sciunt satis sunt ēloquentēs#.

1725. The idea of saying or thinking is often not formally expressed in the main sentence, and the indirect discourse is intimated by the subordinate subjunctive only: as,

#noctū ambulābat in pūblicō Themistoclēs, quod somnum capere nōn posset#, _TD._ 4, 44, _Themistocles used to walk the streets nights, ‘because he could not sleep,’_ given as Themistocles’s reason; the writer’s would be #poterat#. #Paetus omnēs librōs, quōs frāter suus relīquisset, mihī̆ dōnāvit#, _Att._ 2, 1, 12, _Paetus made me a present of all the books ‘that his brother had left.’_ #dum reliquae nāvēs eō convenīrent, in ancorīs expectāvit#, 4, 23, 4, _he waited at anchor till the rest of the vessels should gather there_ (2005). #pervēnit priusquam Pompēius sentīre posset#, Caes. _C._ 3, 67, 4, _he got there before Pompey should be able to learn of his coming_ (1919). #Xerxēs praemium prōposuit, quī invēnisset novam voluptātem#, _TD._ 5, 20, _Xerxes offered a reward to anybody who should devise a new form of entertainment_ (2110).

1726. A speaker or writer may quote his own thoughts in the indirect form, like another person’s: as, #haec tibi dictābam post fānum putre Vacūnae, exceptō quod nōn simul essēs, cētera laetus#, H. _E._ 1, 10, 49, _I write thee this behind Vacuna’s mouldering pile, in all else well, except that thou’rt not here the while_ (1601).

1727. Instead of an intimation of indirect discourse by a mere subjunctive, a verb of thinking or saying is sometimes introduced by #quī#, or especially #quod#, sometimes by #cum#, and put illogically itself in the subjunctive: as, #litterās, quās mē sibī̆ mīsisse dīceret, recitāvit#, _Ph._ 2, 7, _he read off a letter, which he said I sent him_, i.e. #quās mīsissem#. #impetrāre nōn potuī, quod religiōne sē impedīrī dīcerent#, Sulpicius in _Fam._ 4, 12, 3, _I could not get leave, because they said they were hampered by religious scruple_, i.e. #quod impedīrentur#. #cum dīceret#, _DN._ 3, 83, _saying as he did_. This construction is common in Cicero, somewhat so in Caesar, rare in Sallust.

1728. The subjunctive is used in sentences expressing an essential part of the thought, which are subordinate to another subjunctive, or to an infinitive. This is called the _Subjunctive of Attraction_, or _of Assimilation_: as,

#vereor nē, dum minuere velim labōrem, augeam#, _Leg._ 1, 12, _I am afraid I may make the work harder, while I am aiming to make it less_. #sī sōlōs eōs dīcerēs miserōs, quibus moriendum esset, nēminem eōrum, quī vīverent exciperēs#, _TD._ 1, 9, _if you should pronounce only such people unhappy as had to die, you would not except one of those who were living_. #mōs est Syrācūsīs, ut sī quā dē rē ad senātum referātur, dīcat sententiam quī velit#, _V._ 4, 142, _it is the custom at Syracuse, that if any question is discussed in the senate, anybody who pleases may express his opinion_. #sapiēns nōn dubitat, sī ita melius sit, migrāre dē vītā#, _Fin._ 1, 62, _the sage does not hesitate, if this be the better course, to withdraw from life_. #mōs est Athēnīs laudārī in cōntiōne eōs, quī sint in proeliīs interfectī#, _O._ 151, _it is the custom in Athens to eulogize in public assembly such as have fallen in

## action_.

1729. The indicative is kept in subordinate statements added or vouched for by the person reporting, and also in circumlocutions equivalent to a substantive: as,

#nūntiātum est Ariovistum ad occupandum Vesontiōnem, quod est oppidum maximum Sēquanōrum, contendere#, 1, 38, 1, _it was reported that Ariovistus was pressing on to seize Vesontio, which is the most considerable town of the Sequans_. #prūdentissima cīvitās Athēniēnsium, dum ea rērum potīta est, fuisse trāditur#, _RA._ 70, _Athens is said to have been passing wise, as long as she held the hegemony_. #vīs, quae restant, mē loquī?# T. _Andr._ 195, _wilt have me tell the rest?_ i.e. #relicua#. #fierī potest, ut id quod sentit polītē ēloquī nōn possit#, _TD._ 1, 6, _it may be that he cannot express his thought in polished style_, i.e. #sententiam suam#.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF REPEATED ACTION.

1730. The subjunctive is sometimes used in relative, temporal, or conditional sentences, to express action repeated or occurring at no

## particular time: as,

(_a._) #neque aliter sī faciat, ūllam inter suōs habet auctōritātem#, 6, 11, 4, _and if he does not do this, he never has any ascendancy at all over his people_. With the present and perfect, however, this subjunctive is confined principally to the indefinite second person singular (1030): as, #bonus sēgnior fit, ubī̆ neglegās#, S. _I._ 31, 28, _the good man always gets slacker, when you are neglectful_. #sīquoi mūtuom quid dederīs, fit prō propriō perditum#, Pl. _Tri._ 1050, _if you’ve lent anything to any man, ’tis not your own, but lost_. (_b._) The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive begin with Catullus and Caesar, and get to be common with Livy and Tacitus: as, #sī quis prehenderētur, cōnsēnsū mīlitum ēripiēbātur#, Caes. _C._ 3, 110, 4, _every time a man was taken up, he was rescued by the joint action of the rank and file_. #quemcumque līctor prēndisset, tribūnus mittī iubēbat#, L. 3, 11, 2, _every man the lictor arrested, a tribune would order released_.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE AS IN THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

1731. The subjunctive of wish, of action conceivable, or of interrogation, is sometimes used in a subordinate sentence exactly as in main sentences: as,

#haec diē nātālī meō scrīpsī, quō utinam susceptus nōn essem#, _Att._ 11, 9, 3, _this I have written on my birthday, on which day I wish I had never been lifted from the ground_ (1544). #ut videās#, Lucr. 3, 348, _so that you can see_ (1556). #neque id faciō, ut forsitan quibusdam videar, simulātiōne#, _Fam._ 1, 8, 2, _nor do I do it, as perhaps I may seem to some to do, from hypocrisy_ (1556). #etiamst paucīs vōs quod monitōs voluerim#, Pl. _Cap._ 53, _there’s one point more, on which I’d have you briefly warned_ (1558). #erant eiusmodī sitūs oppidōrum, ut neque pedibus aditum habērent neque nāvibus, quod minuente aestū nāvēs in vadīs adflīctārentur#, 3, 12, 1, _the towns were so situated that there was no access to them by land, nor by boat either, because at ebb tide vessels would pound on the shoals_ (1559). #vix erat hoc imperātum, cum illum spoliātum vidērēs#, _V._ 4, 86, _hardly was the order from his lips, when you might have seen the man stript_ (1559). #quō mē vertam nesciō#, _Clu._ 4, _I don’t know which way to turn_ (1563).

[Erratum: 1731 ... #neque id faciō, ut forsitan quibusdam videar, simulātiōne#, final , missing]

TENSE OF THE SUBORDINATE SENTENCE.

THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE.

1732. I. The tense of a subordinate indicative often indicates a close relation of time with the tense of the leading verb, particularly in cases of repeated contemporaneous or antecedent action. The subordinate sentence in such combinations is said to have _Relative_ time.

1733. (1.) The subordinate indicative tense may express action concurrent with the main action. Two concurrent sentences are usually put in the same tense.

Concurrent action is said to be (_a._) _congruent_, when two actions merely cover the same time: as, #dum legō, adsentior#, _TD._ 1, 24, _as long as I am reading, I assent_. #dum necesse erat, ūnus omnia poterat#, _RA._ 139, _so long as it had to be, one man controlled the world_. #dum Latīnae loquentur litterae, quercus huic locō nōn deerit#, _Leg._ 1, 2, _as long as Latin literature has the gift of speech, this spot will not lack its oak_. #vīxit, dum vīxit, bene#, T. _Hec._ 461, _he lived well all the time he lived_. #quoad potuit, fortissimē restitit#, 4, 12, 5, _as long as he could, he made a manful stand_. Or (_b._) _coincident_, when one action is virtually the same as the other: as, #cum tacent, clāmant#, _C._ 1, 21, _while they are dumb, they cry out_, i.e. their silence is as telling as a shout. #fēcistī mihī̆ pergrātum, quod Serāpiōnis librum mīsistī#, _Att._ 2, 4, 1, _you have obliged me very much by sending Serapio’s book_.

1734. (2.) The subordinate indicative tense may express action contemporaneous, antecedent, or subsequent, in relation to the main

## action.

1735. (_a._) Action contemporaneous with a main present is expressed by a present, with a main future or virtual future, by a future, with a main secondary tense by an imperfect: as,

#quod est, eō decet ūtī#, _CM._ 27, _what you have, that you should avail yourself of_. #hōrologium mittam, sī erit sūdum#, _Fam._ 16, 18, 3, _I will send the clock, if it is pleasant_ (1625). #paulātim dabis, sī sapiēs#, T. _Hau._ 870, _you’ll give in driblets, if you are wise_. #cum relaxāre animōs volent, caveant intemperantiam#, _Off._ 1, 122, _when they want to unbend, let them beware of excess_ (1625; 1718). #omnia deerant, quae ad reficiendās nāvēs erant ūsuī#, 4, 29, 4, _they were out of everything that was serviceable for repairing their vessels_.

1736. (_b._) Action antecedent to a main present is expressed by a perfect, to a main future or virtual future by a future perfect, to a main secondary tense by a pluperfect: as,

#quōcumque aspexistī tuae tibī̆ occurrunt iniūriae#, _Par._ 18, _wherever you turn your gaze, you are confronted by your own abominable acts_. #cum posuī librum, adsēnsiō omnis ēlābitur#, _TD._ 1, 24, _when I drop the book, all assent melts away_ (1860). #quicquid fēceris, adprobābō#, _Fam._ 3, 3, 2, _no matter what you do, I shall think it well_ (1626). #ut quisque istīus animum offenderat, in lautumiās statim coniciēbātur#, _V._ 5, 143, _any man that wounded his sensibilities was always flung into the quarries without any ado_.

1737. (_c._) Action subsequent to a main present is expressed by the future participle with a present form of #sum#, to a main future or virtual future by the future participle with a future form of #sum#, and to a main secondary tense by the future participle with an imperfect form of #sum#: as,

#decem diēs sunt ante lūdōs, quōs Cn. Pompēius factūrus est#, _V. a. pr_. 31, _there are ten days before the shows which Pompey is to manage_. #attentōs faciēmus, sī dēmōnstrābimus ea, quae dictūrī erimus, magna esse#, _Inv._ 1, 23, _we shall make people attentive if we show that what we are going to say is important_. #rēx, quia nōn interfutūrus nāvālī certāminī erat, Magnēsiam concessit#, L. 36, 43, 9, _as the king was not to have a hand in the action at sea, he moved off to Magnesia_.

1738. II. A subordinate indicative tense is said to be _Independent_ when it simply expresses time of its own, without any close relation to the time of the main action.

Such independent tenses may denote general present action: as, #ībam forte viā sacrā, sīcut meus est mōs#, H. _S._ 1, 9, 1, _in Sacred Street, as is my wont, I happened to be promenading_ (relatively, #erat mōs#, 1735). #nōn mē appellābis, sī sapis#, Pl. _Most._ 515, _you won’t address me, if you have sense_ (relatively, #sī sapiēs#, 1735). Or past

## action, either continuous, completed, or indefinite: as, #ut mōs fuit

Bī̆thȳniae rēgibus, lectīcā ferēbātur#, _V._ 5, 27, _he regularly rode in a litter, as was the practice of the despots of Bithynia_; here #fuit# denotes action simply as past, without further definition of time (1603), whereas #erat#, relative to the time of #ferēbātur#, would imply _which was then the practice_ (1595).

1739. With #dum#, _in the time while_, an independent present is used: see 1995. With #postquam#, &c., _after_, an independent perfect is used of a single action; see 1925.

THE TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

1740. Subordinate subjunctive sentences were originally independent coordinate sentences, in the tense required to express the thought. By degrees the subordinate sentence blended closely with the main sentence, and the combination of the two was regarded as one whole.

1741. I. The time of the subordinate subjunctive is usually _Relative_, that is either contemporaneous, antecedent, or subsequent, in relation to that of the main action.

1742. Action contemporaneous with the main action is expressed by a present or imperfect subjunctive. Action antecedent is expressed by a perfect or a pluperfect subjunctive. Action subsequent is expressed by the future participle with a form of #sim# or of #essem#.

1743. Subordinate sentences with verbs of will or aim, with verbs of fear, also final sentences and many consecutive sentences are expressed in Latin as contemporaneous with the main action, not as subsequent to it.

1744. II. The main and subordinate sentences may express wholly different spheres of time by tenses not commonly used together, when the thought requires it. In such cases the tense of the subordinate member is called _Independent_, like the analogous tenses of the indicative (1738).

1745. The use of subordinate subjunctive tenses relatively to the main tense, or what is commonly called the _Sequence of Tenses_, is as follows:

TENSE SUBORDINATE TO AN INDICATIVE.