Part 50

#subdūcit ex aciē legiōnem faciendīs castrīs#, Ta. 2, 21, _he withdraws a legion from the field to build a camp_. #nīdum mollibus plūmīs cōnsternunt tepē̆faciendīs ōvīs, simul nē dūrus sit īnfantibus pullīs#, Plin. _NH._ 10, 92, _they line the nest with soft feathers to warm the eggs, and also to prevent it from being uncomfortable to their young brood_.

2257. The dative of the gerund is used chiefly by old and late writers, and is confined in the best prose to a few special phrases.

#ōsculandō meliust pausam fierī#, Pl. _R._ 1205, _’tis better that a stop be put to kissing_. #tū nec solvendō erās#, _Ph._ 2, 4, _you were neither solvent_. SC · ARF, i.e. #scrībendō arfuērunt#, CIL. I, 196, 2, _there were present when the document was put in writing_. #quod scrībendō adfuistī#, _Fam._ 15, 6, 2, _because you were present at the writing_.

[Erratum: 2254 ... IIIvirī printed as shown, without space]

GENITIVE.

2258. (1.) The genitive of the gerundive construction or gerund is used with substantives or adjectives.

(_a._) #tacendī tempus est#, Pl. _Poen._ 741, _it’s time to be still_. #spēs potiundī oppidī#, 2, 7, 2, _the hope of overpowering the town_ (2244). #summa difficultās nāvigandī#, 3, 12, 5, _the greatest difficulty in sailing_. #proeliī committendī sīgnum dedit#, 2, 21, 3, _he gave the signal for beginning the battle_. #exemplō eōrum clādēs fuit ut Mārsī mitterent ōrātōrēs pācis petendae#, L. 9, 45, 18, _their downfall was a warning to the Marsians to send envoys to sue for peace_. #sīve nāvēs dēiciendī operis essent missae#, 4, 17, 10, _or if vessels for breaking down the works had been sent_. Particularly with #causā#, #grātiā#, or rarely #ergō# (1257), to denote purpose: as, #frūmentandī causā#, 4, 12, 1, _for foraging_. #vītandae suspīciōnis causā#, _C._ 1, 19, _to avoid suspicion_. #mūneris fungendī grātiā#, _RP._ 1, 27, _for the sake of doing one’s duty_. #illīusce sacrī coercendī ergō#, Cato, _RR._ 139, _because of thinning out yon hallowed grove_.

(_b._) #quam cupida eram hūc redeundī#, T. _Hec._ 91, _how eager I was to return here_. #homine perītō dēfīniendī#, _Off._ 3, 60, _a man accomplished in drawing distinctions_. #perpessus est omnia potius quam cōnsciōs dēlendae tyrannidis indicāret#, _TD._ 2, 52, _he stood out against the worst sooner than betray his confederates in the overthrow of the tyranny_. #īnsuētus nāvigandī#, 5, 6, 3, _unused to sailing_. #studiōsus audiendī#, N. 15, 3, 2, _an eager listener_. #nescia tolerandī#, Ta. 3, 1, _ignorant what patience was_. #nandī pavidus#, Ta. _H._ 5, 14, _afraid to swim_. With adjectives, the gerundive construction is not found in Plautus and Terence, and the gerund not in Plautus. Terence has the gerund with #cupidus#, Cato with #studiōsus#. The construction is of slow growth before Tacitus, who greatly developed it.

2259. In the genitive, a transitive gerund with an object in the accusative is rare except in Plautus; ordinarily the gerundive is used (2240).

#tē dēfrūdandī causā#, Pl. _Men._ 687, _for the purpose of cheating you_. #cupidus tē audiendī#, _DO._ 2, 16, _eager to hear you_. #summa ēlūdendī occāsiōst mihi nunc senēs#, T. _Ph._ 885, _I’ve now a splendid chance the graybeards of eluding_. #nē suī līberandī (2260) atque ulcīscendī Rōmānōs occāsiōnem dīmittant#, 5, 38, 2, _that they should not let slip the chance of freeing themselves and taking vengeance on the Romans_. #sīgnum colligendī vāsa dedit#, L. 24, 16, 14, _he gave the signal to pack their things_.

2260. #nostrī#, #vostrī# (or #vestrī#), and #suī#, being singular in form (649) have often a singular gerundive.

#nōn tam suī cōnservandī quam tuōrum cōnsiliōrum reprimendōrum causā profūgērunt#, _C._ 1, 7, _they fled, not so much to protect themselves as to crush your plans_. #vēnisse tempus ulcīscendī suī#, _Sest._ 28, _that the time was come for them to revenge themselves_. #vestrī adhortandī causā#, L. 21, 41, 1, _for the purpose of encouraging you_.

2261. Sometimes another genitive appears beside the genitive of the gerund, each perhaps dependent on the main word. This use is found in old Latin, Lucretius, Varro, and here and there in Cicero, as well as in late Latin.

#nōminandī istōrum tibī̆ erit cōpia#, Pl. _Cap._ 852, _you will have a chance to name them_. #poenārum solvendī tempus#, Lucr. 5, 1225, _the time of paying penalties_. #exemplōrum ēligendī potestās#, _Inv._ 2, 5, _a chance of picking out examples_. #lūcis tuendī cōpiam#, Pl. _Cap._ 1008, _a chance to look upon the light_.

2262. (2.) The genitive of the gerundive construction is used predicatively with #sum#.

#rēgium imperium, quod initiō cōnservandae libertātis fuerat#, S. _C._ 6, 7, _the authority of the king, which had originally served to uphold freedom_. #cētera in XII minuendī sūmptūs sunt lāmentātiōnisque fūnebris#, _Leg._ 2, 59, _the rest of the contents of the Twelve Tables are conducive to the abating of extravagance and keening at funerals_. #concordiam ōrdinum, quam dissolvendae tribūnīciae potestātis rentur esse#, L. 5, 3, 5, _the union of the classes, which they believe serves to break down the power of the tribunes_. This use is not common. It is found rarely in Sallust and Cicero; chiefly in Livy.

2263. The genitive of the gerundive construction, without a substantive or adjective (2258) or the verb #sum# (2262), is occasionally used to denote purpose: as,

#quae ille cēpit lēgum ac lībertātis subvortundae#, S. _Fr. Phil._ 10, _which he began in order to overthrow freedom and the laws_, of civil war. #ūnum vincīrī iubet, magis ūsurpandī iūris quam quia ūnīus culpa foret#, Ta. _H._ 4, 25, _he ordered one into irons, more to vindicate his authority than because an individual was to blame_. This use occurs very rarely in Sallust, chiefly in Tacitus and late Latin. Once in Terence with the gerund.

2264. Tacitus has the genitive of the gerundive construction two or three times with a judicial verb (1280) to denote the charge: as, #occupandae rē̆ī pūblicae arguī nōn poterant#, Ta. 6, 10, _they could not be charged with an attempt on the throne_.

ABLATIVE.

2265. In the ablative a transitive gerund with a substantive object is not uncommon.

#frātrem laudandō#, _Leg._ 1, 1, _in quoting your brother_. #largē

## partiendō praedam#, L. 21, 5, 5, _by a lavish distribution of the

spoil_. This use is particularly common in Livy. Not in Caesar.

2266. (1.) The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund denotes means, less often cause, rarely manner and circumstances, or time, or respect.

Means: #Caesar dandō sublevandō īgnōscundō, Catō nihil largiundō glōriam adeptus est#, S. _C._ 54, 3, _Caesar gained reputation by giving, helping, and pardoning, Cato by lavishing no gifts_. #opprimī sustentandō ac prōlātandō nūllō pactō potest#, _C._ 4, 6, _it cannot be crushed by patience and procrastination_. Livy has this ablative with the adjective #contentus# (1377): #nec iam possidendīs pūblicīs agrīs contentōs esse#, 6, 14, 11, _that they were no longer satisfied with the occupation of the public lands_. Cause: #aggerundā curvom aquā#, Pl. _Cas._ 124, _bowed with water carrying_. #flendō turgidulī rubent ocellī#, Cat. 3, 18, _with weeping red and swollen are her eyne_. Manner and circumstances: rare in old Latin and Cicero: not in Caesar: #bellum ambulandō cōnfēcērunt#, Caelius in _Fam._ 8, 15, 1, _they strolled through the war_. #senex vincendō factus#, L. 30, 28, 5, _maturing in victories_. Time: #cum plausum meō nōmine recitandō dedissent#, _Att._ 4, 1, 6, _when they had applauded on the reading of my name_. #partibus dīvidendīs ipsī regiō ēvēnit#, L. 25, 30, 6, _at the distribution, the district fell to him_. Respect: #Latīnē loquendō cuivīs erat pār#, _Br._ 128, _in his use of Latin he was a match for anybody_.

2267. (2.) The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund is also accompanied by a preposition, #ab#, #dē#, #in#, or #ex#; rarely by #prō#.

#nūllum tempus illī umquam vacābat aut ā scrībendō aut ā cōgitandō#, _Br._ 272, _he never had any time free from writing or from thinking_. #quod verbum ductum est ā nimis intuendō fortūnam alterīus#, _TD._ 3, 20, _a word which is derived from ‘looking too closely at’ another’s prosperity_, of the word #invidia#. #cōnsilium illud dē occlūdendīs aedibus#, T. _Eu._ 784, _that idea about barring up the house_. #nihil dē causā discendā praecipiunt#, _DO._ 2, 100, _they give no instruction about studying up a case_. #vostra ōrātiō in rē incipiundā#, T. _Ph._ 224, _your remarks when we started in with this affair_. #Āfricānī in rē gerundā celeritātem#, _V._ 5, 25, _Africanus’s swiftness in execution_. #vix ex grātulandō ēminēbam#, Pl. _Cap._ 504, _I barely got my head above their congratulations_. #quae virtūs ex prōvidendō est appellāta prūdentia#, _Leg._ 1, 60, _a virtue which from ‘foreseeing’ is called foresight_. #prō līberandā amīcā#, Pl. _Per._ 426, _for setting free a leman_. #prō ope ferendā#, L. 23, 28, 11, _instead of going to the rescue_. In this use #ab# is not found in Plautus or Terence, nor #prō# in Terence. #cum# is found in Quintilian, #super# once in Horace, then in Tacitus, #sine# once in Varro.

2268. With a comparative expression, the ablative of the gerundive is found once: #nūllum officium referendā grātiā magis necessārium est#, _Off._ 1, 47, _no obligation is more binding than the returning of a favour_. The gerundive construction in the ablative of separation (1302) is found rarely in Livy and Pliny the younger; Livy has also the gerund: as, #Verminam absistere sequendō coēgit#, L. 29, 33, 8, _he forced Vermina to abandon his pursuit_.

THE SUPINE.

2269. The supine is a verbal substantive. The form in #-um# is an accusative. The form in #-ū# is used sometimes as a dative, sometimes as an ablative.

THE SUPINE IN #-um#.

2270. The supine in #-um# denotes purpose with verbs of motion (1166): as,

#abiīt piscātum#, Pl. #R.# 898, _he’s gone a fishing_. #neu noctū īrem obambulātum#, Pl. _Tri._ 315, _not to go a prowling by night_. #legiōne ūnā frūmentātum missā#, 4, 32, 1, _one legion being sent a foraging_. #sessum it praetor#, _DN._ 3, 74, _the praetor is going to take his seat_. #spectātum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsae#, O. _AA._ 1, 99, _they come to see and eke for to be seen_. This use is very common in Plautus and Terence, less common in Cicero and Caesar. It is found not infrequently in Sallust and particularly in Livy; sporadically in the Augustan poets. In late prose it is almost confined to archaistic writing. In classical Latin, purpose is more commonly expressed by the subjunctive with #ut# or a relative pronoun, or by a gerundive or gerund with #ad# or #causā#. See also 2164.

2271. The most common supines in #-um# are #cubitum#, #dormītum#, #ēreptum#, #frūmentātum#, #grātulātum#, #nūntiātum#, #oppugnātum#, #ōrātum#, #pāstum#, #perditum#, #petītum#, #salūtātum#, #sessum#, #supplicātum#. They are found chiefly with #eō# and #veniō#. #nūptum# is also common with #dō#, #collocō#, &c., and supines are occasionally found with other verbs implying motion.

2272. The supine in #-um# may be followed by the same construction as its verb: as,

(_a._) Accusative: #deōs salūtātum atque uxōrem modo intrō dēvortor domum#, Pl. _St._ 534, _I’ll just turn in home to greet my gods and my wife_. #lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt rogātum auxilium#, 1, 11, 2, _they send envoys to Caesar to beg aid_. #oppugnātum patriam nostram veniunt#, L. 21, 41, 13, _they come to assail our country_. Classical writers generally avoid this use of the accusative. (_b._) Dative: #servītum tibi mē abdūcitō#, Pl. _Ps._ 520, _take me away to slave for you_. #nōn ego Grāīs servītum mātribus ībō#, V. 2, 786, _not I shall go to be the serf of Grecian dames_. (_c._) Subordinate clause: #lēgātī veniēbant: Aeduī questum quod Harūdēs fīnēs eōrum populārentur#, 1, 37, 1, _envoys came: the Aeduans to complain ‘because the Harudians were laying their country waste’_ (1853). #lēgātōs ad Caesarem mīsērunt ōrātum nē sē in hostium numerō dūceret#, 6, 32, 1, _they sent envoys to Caesar to beg that he would not regard them in the light of enemies_.

2273. The supine in #-um# followed by #īrī# forms the future passive infinitive: as,

#eum exceptum īrī putō#, _Att._ 7, 22, 1, _I think that there is a going to capture him_, i.e. _that he is going to be captured_. Here #īrī# is used impersonally and #eum# is the object of #exceptum#. This infinitive is found half a dozen times in old Latin, often in Cicero, rarely in other writers; not in the Augustan poets. For the common periphrasis, see 2233.

THE SUPINE IN #-ū#.

2274. The supine in #-ū# is used with #fās#, #nefās#, and adjectives, chiefly of such meaning as _easy_, _good_, _pleasant_, _strange_, or their opposites.

Only a few supines in #-ū# are found; the commonest are #audītū#, #cōgnitū#, #dictū#, #factū#, #inventū#, #memorātū#, #nātū#, #vīsū#.

#sī hoc fās est dictū#, _TD._ 5, 38, _if heaven allows us to say so_. #difficile dictū est dē singulīs#, _Fam._ 1, 7, 2, _it is hard to say in the case of individuals_. #quaerunt quod optimum factū sit#, _V._ 1, 68, _they ask what the best thing is to do_. #quid est tam iocundum cōgnitū atque audītū?# _DO._ 1, 31, _what pleasure is greater to mind and ear?_ #palpebrae mollissimae tāctū#, _DN._ 2, 142, _the eyelids are very soft to the touch_. With such adjectives the dative is commonly used (1200); or, particularly with #facilis# or #difficilis#, the gerundive construction with #ad# (2252); for the infinitive, see 2166. The supine in #-ū# is found chiefly in Cicero and Livy. Very rare in old Latin, Sallust, Caesar (who has only #factū# and #nātū#), and the poets. From the elder Pliny and Tacitus on, it gets commoner.

2275. The supine in #-ū# sometimes introduces a subordinate sentence, but it is never used with an object in the accusative.

#quoivīs facile scītū est quam fuerim miser#, T. _Hec._ 296, _anybody can easily understand how unhappy I was_. #incrēdibile memorātū est quam facile coaluerint#, S. _C._ 6, 2, _it is an incredible tale how readily they grew into one_. #vidētis nefās esse dictū miseram fuisse tālem senectūtem#, _CM._ 13, _you see that it were a sin to say that an old age like his was unhappy_.

2276. The supine in #-ū# is found rarely with #opus est# (1379), #dīgnus# and #indīgnus# (1392): as,

#ita dictū opus est#, T. _Hau._ 941, _thus thou must needs say_. #nihil dignum dictū āctum hīs cōnsulibus#, L. 4, 30, 4, _nothing worth mentioning was done this year_. For #dignus# with #quī# and the subjunctive, see 1819; for #opus est# with the infinitive, 2211.

2277. In Plautus and Cato, the supine in #-ū# is very rarely used like an ablative of separation (1302): as, #nunc opsonātū redeō#, Pl. _Men._ 288, _I’m only just back from catering_. #prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat#, Cato, _RR._ 5, 5, _let him be first to get up from bed and last to go to bed_. Statius imitates this use in _Ach._ 1, 119.

[Erratum: 2276 ... #dīgnus# and #indīgnus# text unchanged: word generally spelled “-dign-” (see endnote on first edition)]

THE PARTICIPLE.

2278. The participle is a verbal adjective. Like the adjective, it is inflected to agree with its substantive. Like the verb, it may be modified by an adverb, it is active or passive, and it expresses action as continuing, completed, or future. It may also be followed by the same case as its verb.

TIME OF THE PARTICIPLE.

2279. (1.) The time to which the participle refers is indicated by the verb of the sentence.

#āēr effluēns hūc et illūc ventōs efficit#, _DN._ 2, 101, _the air by streaming to and fro produces winds_. #convēnī hodiē adveniēns quendam#, T. _Eu._ 234, _I met a man as I was coming to-day_. #manūs tendentēs vītam ōrābant#, L. 44, 42, 4, _with hands outstretched they begged their lives_. #Croesus Halyn penetrāns magnam pervertet opum vim#, oracle in _Div._ 2, 115, _Croesus, when Halys he shall cross, will overthrow a mighty realm_. #benignitātem tu͡am mihī̆ expertō praedicās#, Pl. _Merc._ 289, _thou vauntest to me who’ve proved thy courtesy_. #cōnsecūtus id quod animō prōposuerat, receptuī canī iussit#, 7, 47, 1, _having accomplished what he had designed, he gave orders to sound the retreat_. #Dionȳsius Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat#, _TD._ 3, 27, _after his expulsion from Syracuse, Dionysius kept school at Corinth_. #lēgātī dīxērunt sē rē dēlīberātā ad Caesarem reversūrōs#, 4, 9, 1, _the envoys said that they would come back to Caesar after they had thought the matter over_.

2280. (2.) The perfect participle of deponents is sometimes used with past tenses or their equivalents to denote incomplete contemporaneous

## action. So occasionally a perfect passive.

(_a._) #Metellum esse ratī portās clausēre#, S. _I._ 69, 1, _supposing that it was Metellus, they closed their gates_. #gāvīsus illōs retinērī iussit#, 4, 13, 6, _with pleasure he gave orders for their detention_. #persuādent Rauracīs utī eōdem ūsī cōnsiliō proficīscantur#, 1, 5, 4, _they coaxed the Rauraci to adopt the same plan and go_. #sōlātus iussit sapientem pāscere barbam#, H. _S._ 2, 3, 35, _consoling me he bade me grow a philosophic beard_. This use is found in old Latin and in Cicero very rarely. Sallust and Caesar use a few verbs thus. It is not uncommon in the Augustan poets and Livy. In late writers, especially Tacitus, it is frequent. (_b._) #servum sub furcā caesum mediō ēgerat circō#, L. 2, 36, 1, _he had driven a slave round, flogged under the fork, right in the circus_. With this compare #servus per circum, cum virgīs caederētur, furcam ferēns ductus est#, _Div._ 1, 55, _a slave with the fork on his neck was driven through the circus, flogged with rods the while_ (1872). But the perfect passive has its ordinary force (2279) in #verberibus caesum tē in pistrīnum dēdam#, T. _Andr._ 199, _I’ll give you a flogging and then put you in the mill_.

2281. For the perfect participle with forms of #sum# and #fuī#, see 1608, 1609; for the conative present participle, 2301; reflexive, 1482.

THE ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLE.

2282. The present or perfect participle is often used as an adjective to express a permanent condition: as,

#ācrem ōrātōrem, incēnsum et agentem et canōrum forī strepitus dēsīderat#, _Br._ 317, _the noisy forum requires an impetuous speaker, inspired and dramatic and sonorous_. #L. Abuccius, homo adprīmē doctus#, Varro, _RR._ 3, 2, 17, _Abuccius, an eminently learned man_. #aliī facētī, flōrentēs etiam et ōrnātī#, _O._ 20, _others are brilliant, even bright and elegant_. #id tibī̆ renūntiō futūrum ut sīs sciēns#, T. _Andr._ 508, _I give you notice this will happen, that you may be prepared_.

2283. The future participle is found as an adjective in the Augustan poets and in late writers. Cicero, however, has #futūrus# in this use with #rēs# and a few other words, and has #ventūrus# once.

#dā mānsūram urbem#, V. 3, 85, _grant a city that shall abide_. #firmus pariēs et dūrātūrus#, Ta. _D._ 22, _a strong and durable wall_. #sīgna ostenduntur ā dīs rērum futūrārum#, _DN._ 2, 12, _signs of future events are disclosed by the gods_. For the future participle with forms of #sum#, see 1633.

2284. Many participles have become complete adjectives, and as such are capable of composition or comparison, or take the case required by an adjective.

(_a._) #nōmen invictī imperātōris#, _V._ 4, 82, _the invincible general’s name_. #pūrus et īnsōns sī vīvō#, H. _S._ 1, 6, 69, _pure and guiltless if I live_ (749). (_b._) #solūtus venēficae scientiōris carmine#, H. _Epod._ 5, 71, _freed by some craftier witch’s charm_. #homo ērudītissimus, Verrēs#, _V._ 4, 126, _Verres, most accomplished of men_. (_c._) #tibi sum oboediēns#, Pl. _MG._ 806, _I’m your obedient_ (1200). #tē cōnfīdō ea factūrum quae mihī̆ intellegēs maximē esse accommodāta#, _Fam._ 3, 3, 2, _I feel confident that you will do what you shall feel most appropriate to my interests_ (1201). For the genitive with such participles, see 1266.

2285. A perfect participle in agreement with a substantive often contains the leading idea, and may be translated like an abstract substantive with a genitive dependent. The nominative is rarely thus used. The present participle in this use is rare, the future late.

This construction expresses the completed action of the verb in precisely the same way that the gerundive construction (2240) expresses uncompleted action.

(_a._) Joined with substantives: #iniūriae retentōrum equitum Rōmānōrum#, 3, 10, 2, _the outrages of Roman knights detained_, i.e. _in the detention of Roman knights_. #servātī cōnsulis decus#, L. 21, 46, 10, _the credit of saving the consul_. #male administrātae prōvinciae urgēbātur#, Ta. 6, 29, _he was charged with maladministration of his province_. #ō quid solūtīs est beātius cūrīs?# Cat. 31, 7, _oh what is sweeter than the putting off of care?_

(_b._) Joined with prepositions: #ab conditā urbe ad līberātam#, L. 1, 60, 3, _from the foundation of the city to the liberation thereof_. #post nātōs hominēs improbissimus#, _Br._ 224, _the greatest reprobate since the creation of man_. #ante cīvitātem datam#, _Arch._ 9, _before the gift of the citizenship_.

(_c._) In the nominative: very rare before Livy: #dēpressa hostium classis#, _Arch._ 21, _the sinking of the enemy’s fleet_. #angēbant ingentis spīritūs virum Sicilia Sardiniaque āmissae#, L. 21, 1, 5, _what tortured the high-souled hero was the loss of Sicily and Sardinia_. #cuius turbāvit nitidōs exstīnctus passer ocellōs#, J. 6, 7, _whose sparkling eyne the sparrow’s death bedimmed_.

2286. This use of the participle, though old, is not common before Livy, who, like Tacitus, has it frequently, both with substantives and with prepositions. Very rare in Caesar, rare in Cicero, who, however, uses it both with substantives and with a few prepositions. In old Latin (not in Terence), it is found with the substantives #opus# and #ūsus#, in Cato with #post#, in Varro with #propter#: as, #mī homine conventōst opus#, Pl. _Cur._ 302, _I needs must see the man_. #propter mare congelātum#, Varro, _RR._ 1, 2, 4, _by reason of the freezing of the sea water_. For the participle alone with #ūsus est# and #opus est#, see 1382.

THE SUBSTANTIVE PARTICIPLE.

2287. Participles sometimes become substantives, especially the perfect

## participle: as,

#vīvit gnāta#, T. _Ph._ 749, _your daughter’s alive_. #dē dēmēnsō suō#, T. _Ph._ 43, _out of his allowance_. #īnstitūtum tenēbimus#, _TD._ 4, 7, _we will hold to our fundamental idea_. Adverbs, not adjectives, are commonly used to qualify perfect participles used as substantives; for examples, see 1440. The masculine singular is rarely used as a substantive; the neuter, both singular and plural, is common,

## particularly with prepositions.

2288. The masculine plural of the perfect participle, when used as a substantive, generally denotes a definite class of persons: as,

#ut damnātī in integrum restituantur, vīnctī solvantur#, _V._ 5, 12, _that the condemned go scot-free, the imprisoned are set at liberty_. #Catilīna cum expedītīs in prīmā aciē vorsārī#, S. _C._ 60, 4, _Catiline bustling round in the van with the light infantry_. #ēvocātīs equōs sūmit#, 7, 65, 5, _he took away the veterans’ horses_. Rarely not denoting a definite class: as, #missī intercipiuntur#, 5, 40, 1, _the men who had been sent_ (i.e. on a particular occasion) _are cut off_.

2289. The perfect participle alone sometimes serves as the subject of a sentence instead of an abstract substantive (2285): as,

#nōtum furēns quid fēmina possit#, V. 5, 6, _the knowledge of what a woman in her wrath can do_. #prōnūntiātum repente nē quis violārētur, multitūdinem exuit armīs#, L. 4, 59, 7, _the sudden proclamation that nobody was to be harmed, deprived the people of their weapons_. This use is found chiefly in Livy, once or twice in Cicero; not in Caesar or Sallust. See 1382.

2290. The present participle is rarely a substantive in the nominative and ablative singular, but often in the other cases.

#in cōnstituentibus rem pūblicam#, _Br._ 45, _among the founders of a state_. #multae īnsectantēs dēpellunt#, _DN._ 2, 127, _many drive off their pursuers_. #nec praeterita nec praesentia abs tē, sed futūra exspectō#, _Fam._ 2, 8, 1, _I do not expect from you the past or the present, but the future_.

2291. The genitive plural of the present participle is often best translated by an English abstract: as,