Part 37

#cōgnōscit, quae gerantur#, 5, 48, 2, _he ascertains what is going on_. #vidētis ut omnēs dēspiciat#, _RA._ 135, _you can see how he looks down on everybody_. #quid agās et ut tē oblectēs scīre cupiō#, _QFr._ 2, 3, 7, _I am eager to know how you do and how you are amusing yourself_.

ORIGINAL SUBJUNCTIVES.

1786. Questions already in the subjunctive may also become indirect.

Thus, #quō mē vertam?# _V._ 5, 2, _which way shall I turn?_ (1563) becomes indirect in #quō mē vertam nesciō#, _Clu._ 4, _I don’t know which way I am to turn_. #quid faciam?# H. _S._ 2, 1, 24, _what shall I do?_ (1563) becomes indirect in #quid faciam, praescrībe#, H. _S._ 2, 1, 5, _lay down the law, what I’m to do_. #neque satis cōnstābat quid agerent#, 3, 14, 3, _and it was not at all clear what they had best do_. #dubitāvī hōsce hominēs emerem an nōn emerem#, Pl. _Cap._ 455, _I had my doubts, whether to buy these men or not to buy_ (1564).

INDICATIVE QUESTIONS APPARENTLY INDIRECT.

1787. In old Latin, the indicative occurs often in connections where the subjunctive would be used in classical Latin: as,

#dīc, quis est#, Pl. _B._ 558, _say, who is it?_ whereas #dīc quis sit# would mean _say who it is_. In such cases the question is not subordinate, but coordinate, usually with an imperative (1697), or with some such expression as #tē rogō#, #volō scīre#, #scī̆n#, or the like. Such coordination occurs exceptionally in the classical period: as, #et vidē, quam conversa rēs est#, _Att._ 8, 13, 2, _and observe, how everything is changed_. #adspice, ut ingreditur#, V. 6, 856, _see, how he marches off_.

1788. The indicative is used with #nesciō# followed by a pronominal interrogative, when this combination is equivalent to an indefinite pronoun or adverb: as,

#prōdit nesciō quis#, T. _Ad._ 635, _there’s some one coming out_. This is a condensed form for #prōdit nesciō quis sit#, _there’s coming out I don’t know who it is_, the real question, #sit#, being suppressed, and #nesciō quis# acquiring the meaning of #aliquis#, _somebody_. Similarly #nesciō# with #unde#, #ubī̆#, #quandō#, #quot#, &c., in writers of all ages. Plautus uses #sciō quid#, #sciō ut#, &c., somewhat in this way once or twice with the indicative: as, #scio quid agō#, _B._ 78, _I’m doing I know what_.

1789. This combination often expresses admiration, contempt, or regret: as, #contendō tum illud nesciō quid praeclārum solēre existere#, _Arch._ 15, _I maintain that in such a combination the beau ideal of perfection always bursts into being_. #paulum nesciō quid#, _RA._ 115 _an unconsidered trifle_. #dīvīsa est sententia, postulante nesciō quō#, _Mil._ 14. _the question was divided, on motion of what’s his name_. #nesciō quō pactō#, _C._ 31, _unfortunately_.

1790. The indicative is used in like manner with many expressions, originally exclamatory, which have become adverbs: such are #immāne quantum#, _prodigiously_, #mīrum quantum#, _wonderfully_, #sānē quam#, _immensely_, &c., &c. See 712 and the dictionary.

1791. Relative constructions often have the appearance of indirect questions, and care must be taken not to confound the two. Thus, #ut# is a relative in #hanc rem, ut factast, ēloquar#, Pl. _Am._ 1129, _I’ll tell this thing as it occurred_, i.e. not _how it occurred_. #nōstī quae sequontur#, _TD._ 4, 77, _you know the things that follow_, i.e. not _what follows_.

THE RELATIVE SENTENCE.

1792. Relative sentences are introduced by relative words, the most important of which is the pronoun #quī#, _who_, _which_, or _that_. The relative pronoun may be in any case required by the context, and may represent any of the three persons.

1793. The relative adverbs, #ubī̆#, #quō#, #unde#, often take the place of a relative pronoun with a preposition, chiefly in designations of place, and regularly with town and island names. Less frequently of persons, though #unde# is not uncommonly thus used.

1794. In a wider sense, sentences introduced by any relative conjunctive

## particle, such as #ubī̆#, _when_, are sometimes called relative

sentences. Such sentences, however, are more conveniently treated separately, under the head of the several conjunctive particles.

1795. (1.) The relative pronoun, like the English relative _who_, _which_, was developed from the interrogative. Originally, the relative sentence precedes, and the main sentence follows, just as in question and answer.

Thus, #quae mūtat, ea corrumpit#, _Fin._ 1, 21, _what he changes, that he spoils_, is a modification of the older question and answer: #quae mūtat? ea corrumpit#, _what does he change? that he spoils_. With adjective relatives, the substantive is expressed in both members, in old or formal Latin: as, #quae rēs apud nostrōs nōn erant, eārum rērum nōmina nōn poterant esse ūsitāta#, Cornif. 4, 10, _what things did not exist among our countrymen, of those things the names could not have been in common use_.

1796. (2.) The relative sentence may also come last. As early as Plautus, this had become the prevalent arrangement, and the substantive of the main sentence is called the _Antecedent_: as,

#ultrā eum locum, quō in locō Germānī cōnsēderant, castrīs idōneum locum dēlēgit#, 1, 49, 1, _beyond the place in which place the Germans had established themselves, he selected a suitable spot for his camp_. The three words #diēs#, #locus#, and #rēs#, are very commonly expressed thus both in the antecedent and the relative sentence. This repetition is rare in Livy, and disappears after his time.

1797. In old Latin, rarely in classical poetry, a sentence sometimes begins with an emphasized antecedent put before the relative, and in the case of the relative: as, #urbem quam statuō vostra est#, V. 1, 573, _the city which I found is yours_; for #quam urbem statuō, ea vostra est#. In the main sentence, #is#, #hīc#, #iste#, or #ille#, is often used; less frequently, as in this example, an appellative.

1798. The main sentence often has the determinative or demonstrative, or the substantive, or both omitted: as,

(_a._) #ubī̆ intellēxit diem īnstāre, quō diē frūmentum mīlitibus mētīrī oportēret#, 1, 16, 5, _when he saw the day was drawing nigh, on which day the grain was to be measured out to his men_. (_b._) #quōs āmīsimus cīvīs, eōs Mārtis vīs perculit#, _Marc._ 17, _what fellow-citizens we have lost, those the fury of the War-god smote down_. (_c._) #Sabīnus quōs tribūnōs mīlitum circum sē habēbat, sē sequī iubet#, 5, 37, 1, _Sabinus ordered what tribunes of the soldiers he had about him, to follow him_.

1799. The antecedent is often omitted when it is indefinite, or is obvious from the context: as,

#sunt quī mīrentur#, _V_. 1, 6, _there be who wonder_. #dēlēgistī quōs Rōmae relinquerēs#, _C._ 1, 9, _you picked out people to leave in Rome_. #quod periīt, periīt#, Pl. _Cist._ 703, _gone is gone_. #Caesar cōgnōvit Cōnsidium, quod nōn vīdisset, prō vīsō sibī̆ renūntiāvisse#, 1, 22, 4, _Caesar ascertained that Considius had reported to him as seen what he had not seen_.

1800. An ablative or nominative abstract in the relative sentence sometimes represents an ablative of manner or quality omitted from the main sentence: as, #quā prūdentiā es, nihil tē fugiet#, _Fam._ 11, 13, 1, _with what sense you have, nothing will elude you_, i.e. #eā quā es prūdentiā, nihil tē fugiet. spērō, quae tua prūdentia est, tē valēre#, _Att._ 6, 9, 1, _I hope that, with your characteristic caution, you are well_. #at Āiāx, quō animō trāditur, mīlliēs oppetere mortem quam illa perpetī māluisset#, _Off._ 1, 113, _Ajax, on the contrary, with his traditional vehemence, would have chosen rather to die a thousand deaths than to submit to such indignities_. This ellipsis begins with Cicero, and is found a few times only in later writers.

AGREEMENT OF THE RELATIVE.

1801. The agreement of the relative has already been spoken of in a general way (1082-1098). For convenience, however, it may be set forth here more explicitly.

1802. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case depends on the construction of the sentence in which it stands: as,

#Hippiās glōriātus est ānulum quem habēret, pallium quō amictus, soccōs quibus indūtus esset, sē suā manū cōnfēcisse#, _DO._ 3, 127, _Hippias prided himself that he had made with his own hand the ring that he wore, the cloak in which he was wrapped, and the slippers that he had on_. This holds of all relatives with inflected form, such as #quīcumque#, #quālis#, #quantus#, &c., &c.

1803. When the relative refers to two or more antecedents of different gender, its gender is determined like that of a predicate adjective (1087): as,

#mātrēs et līberī, quōrum aetās misericordiam vestram requīrēbat#, _V._ 5, 129, _mothers and babies, whose years would appeal to your sympathy_ (1088). #ōtium atque dīvitiae, quae prīma mortālēs putant#, S. _C._ 36, 4, _peace and prosperity, which the sons of men count chiefest of blessings_ (1089). #fortūna, quam nēmō ab incōnstantiā et temeritāte sēiunget, quae digna nōn sunt deō#, _DN._ 3, 61, _fortune, which nobody will distinguish from caprice and hazard, qualities which are not befitting god_ (1089). Sometimes the relative agrees with the nearest substantive: as, #eās frūges atque frūctūs, quōs terra gignit#, _DN._ 2, 37, _the crops, and the fruits of the trees that earth produces_.

1804. The relative is sometimes regulated by the sense, and not by the form of the antecedent: as,

#equitātum praemittit quī videant#, 1, 15, 1, _he sends the cavalry ahead, for them to see_ (1095). #ūnus ex eō numerō, quī ad caedem parātī erant#, S. _I_. 35, 6, _one of the number that were ready to do murder_ (1095). #duo prōdigia, quōs improbitās tribūnō cōnstrictōs addīxerat#, _Sest._ 38, _a pair of monstrosities, whom their depravity had delivered over in irons to the tribune_. #scrība pontificis, quōs nunc minōrēs pontificēs appellant#, L. 22, 57, 3, _a clerk of the pontiff, which clerks they call nowadays lesser pontiffs_, i.e. #quōs scrībās. Vēiēns bellum exortum, quibus Sabīnī arma coniūnxerant#, L. 2, 53, 1, _a Vejan war broke out, with whom the Sabines had allied themselves_, i.e. #bellum cum Vēientibus.#

1805. A relative referring to a proper name and explanatory appellative combined, may take the gender of either: as, #flūmine Rhēnō, quī agrum Helvētium ā Germānīs dīvidit#, 1, 2, 3, _by the river Rhine, which is the boundary between Helvetians and Germans_. #ad flūmen Scaldem quod īnfluit in Mosam#, 6, 33, 3, _to the river Scheldt, that empties itself into the Maas_.

1806. With verbs of indeterminate meaning (1035), the relative pronoun sometimes agrees with the predicate substantive: as, #Thēbae ipsae, quod Boeōtiae caput est#, L. 42, 44, 3, _Thebes itself, which is the capital of Boeotia_. Often, however, with the antecedent: as, #flūmen quod appellātur Tamesis#, 5, 11, 8, _the river which is called the Thames_.

1807. When the relative is subject, its verb agrees with the person of the antecedent: as,

#haec omnia is fēcī, quī sodālis Dolābellae eram#, _Fam._ 12, 14, 7, _all this I did, I that was Dolabella’s bosom friend_. #inīquos es, quī mē tacēre postulēs#, T. _Hau._ 1011, _thou art unfair, expecting me to hold my tongue_. So also when the antecedent is implied in a possessive: as, #cum tū nostrā, quī remānsissēmus, caede tē contentum esse dīcēbās#, _C_. 1, 7, _when you said you were satisfied with murdering us, who had staid behind_.

1808. For an accusative of the relative with an ablative antecedent the ablative is rarely used: as, #notante iūdice quō nōstī populō#, H. _S_. 1, 6, 15, _the judge condemning--thou know’st who--the world_. This represents the older interrogative conception: #notante iūdice--quō?--nōstī, populō# (1795).

1809. A new substantive added in explanation of an antecedent is put after the relative, and in the same case: as, #ad Amānum contendī, quī mōns erat hostium plēnus#, _Att._ 5, 20, 3, _I pushed on to Amanus, a mountain that was packed with the enemy_. This use begins with Cicero; but from Livy on, the explanatory word is also put as an appositive, with the relative following: as, #Decius Magius, vir cui nihil dēfuit#, L. 23, 7, 4, _Magius, a man that lacked nothing_.

1810. An adjective, especially a comparative, superlative, or numeral, explanatory of a substantive in the main sentence, is often put in the relative sentence: as,

#palūs quae perpetua intercēdēbat Rōmānōs ad īnsequendum tardābat#, 7, 26, 2, _a morass, that lay unbroken between, hindered the Romans from pursuit_.

1811. When reference is made to the substance of a sentence, the neuter #quod# is used, or more commonly #id quod#, either usually in parenthesis: as,

#intellegitur, id quod iam ante dīxī, imprūdente L. Sūllā scelera haec fierī#, _RA._ 25, _it is plain, as I have said once before, that these crimes are committed without the cognizance of Sulla_. In continuations, #quae rēs#: as, #nāvēs removērī iussit, quae rēs māgnō ūsuī nostrīs fuit#, 4, 25, 1, _he ordered the vessels to be withdrawn, a course which proved very advantageous for our people_.

[Erratum: 1811 ... quae rēs māgnō text unchanged: word generally spelled “magn-” (see endnote on first edition)]

MOODS IN THE RELATIVE SENTENCE.

1812. The relative is sometimes equivalent to a conditional protasis. When thus used, it may have either the indicative or the subjunctive, as the sense requires: as,

(_a._) #quod beātum est, nec habet nec exhibet cuiquam negōtium#, _DN._ 1, 85, _whatsoever is blessed, has no trouble and makes none to anybody_. #quisquis hūc vēnerit, pugnōs edet#, Pl. _Am._ 309, _whoever comes this way, shall have a taste of fists_ (1796). #omnia mala ingerēbat quemquem adspexerat#, Pl. _Men._ 717, _she showered all possible bad names on every man she saw_ (1795). (_b._) #haec quī videat, nōnne cōgātur cōnfitērī deōs esse#, _DN._ 2, 12, _whoso should see this would be forced, wouldn’t he? to admit the existence of gods_. #quī vidēret, equom Trōiānum intrōductum dīceret#, _V._ 4, 52, _whoever saw it would have sworn it was the Trojan horse brought in_ (1559).

THE INDICATIVE MOOD.

1813. The indicative is used in simple declarations or descriptions introduced by a relative: as,

#quem dī dīligunt, adulēscēns moritur#, Pl. _B._ 816, _whom the gods love, dies young_. #reliquī, qui domī mānsērunt, sē alunt#, 4, 1, 5, _the others, that stay at home, support themselves_ (1736). #quōs labōrantēs cōnspexerat, hīs subsidia submittēbat#, 4, 26, 4, _to such as he saw in stress, he kept sending reinforcements_ (1736). #tū quod volēs faciēs#, _QFr._ 3, 4, 5, _do what you like_ (1735).

1814. The indicative is also used with indefinite relative pronouns and adverbs: as, #quidquid volt, valdē volt#, _Att._ 14, 1, 2, _whatever he wants, he wants mightily_. #quisquis est#, _TD._ 4, 37, _whoever he may be_. #quācumque iter fēcit#, _V._ 1, 44, _wherever he made his way_. In later writers the imperfect or pluperfect is often in the subjunctive: see 1730.

1815. An original indicative often becomes subjunctive, particularly in indirect discourse (1722); or by attraction (1728); or to indicate repeated action (1730). See also 1727 and 1731.

[Erratum: 1814 ... _TD._ 4, 37 4. 37]

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

1816. Relative pronoun sentences take the subjunctive to denote (1.) a purpose, (2.) a characteristic or result, (3.) a cause, reason, proof, or a concession.

SENTENCES OF PURPOSE.

1817. (1.) Relative sentences of purpose are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced by #ut#, _in order that_, _to_ (1947): as,

#ea quī cōnficeret, C. Trebōnium relinquit#, 7, 11, 3, _he left Trebonius to manage this_. #quālis esset nātūra montis, quī cōgnōscerent, mīsit#, 1, 21, 1, _he sent some scouts to ascertain what the character of the mountain was_. #haec habuī dē amīcitiā quae dīcerem#, _L._ 104, _this was what I had to say of friendship_. Sentences of purpose are an extension of the subjunctive of desire (1540).

SENTENCES OF CHARACTERISTIC OR RESULT.

1818. (2.) Relative sentences of characteristic or result are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced by #ut#, _so as to_, _so that_ (1947).

The main sentence sometimes has a word denoting character, such as #is#, #eius modī#, rarely #tālis#: as, #neque is sum, quī mortis perīculō terrear#, 5, 30, 2, _but I am not the man to be scared by danger of death, no not I_. Often, however, character is intimated by the mood alone: as, #secūtae sunt tempestātēs quae nostrōs in castrīs continērent#, 4, 34, 4, _there followed a succession of storms to keep our people in camp_. #quod miserandum sit labōrātis#, _DN._ 3, 62, _you struggle away to a pitiable degree_. Sentences of result are an extension of the subjunctive of action conceivable (1554).

1819. The subjunctive with #quī# is often used with #dignus#, #indignus#, or #idōneus#, usually with a form of #sum#: as, #Līviānae fābulae nōn satis dignae quae iterum legantur#, _Br._ 71, _Livy’s plays are not worth reading twice_. #nōn erit idōneus quī ad bellum mittātur#, _IP._ 66, _he will not be a fit person to be sent to the war_. Twice thus, #aptus#, once in Cicero, once in Ovid. In poetry and late prose these adjectives sometimes have the infinitive. #dignus# and #indignus# have also #ut# in Plautus, Livy, and Quintilian.

1820. Relative subjunctive sentences are sometimes coordinated by #et# or #sed#, with a substantive, adjective, or participle: as, #audāx et coetūs possit quae ferre virōrum#, J. 6, 399, _a brazen minx, and one quite capable of facing crowds of men_.

1821. Relative sentences after assertions or questions of existence or non-existence, usually take the subjunctive: as,

#sunt quī putent#, _TD._ 1, 18, _there be people to think_, _there be who think_, or _some people think_. #nēmō est quī nesciat#, _Fam._ 1, 4, 2, _there is nobody that doesn’t know_. #sapientia est ūna quae maestitiam pellat ex animīs#, _Fin._ 1, 43, _wisdom is the only thing to drive sadness from the soul_.

1822. Such expressions are: #est (exsistit, exortus est), quī#; #sunt (reperiuntur, nōn dēsunt), quī#; #nēmō est, quī#; #quis est, quī#; #sōlus# or #ūnus est, quī#; #est, nihil est, quod#; #quid est, quod?# #habeō, nōn habeō, nihil habeō, quod#, &c., &c. Indefinite subjects are sometimes used with these verbs: as, #multī#, #quīdam#, #nōnnūllī#, #aliī#, #paucī#; sometimes appellatives: as, #hominēs#, #philosophī#.

1823. The indicative, however, is not infrequently found in affirmative sentences, particularly in old Latin and in poetry: as, #sunt quōs sciō esse amīcōs#, Pl. _Tri._ 91, _some men there are I know to be my friends_. #interdum volgus rēctum videt, est ubi peccat#, H. _E._ 2, 1, 63, _sometimes the world sees right, there be times when it errs_. #sunt item, quae appellantur alcēs#, 6, 27, 1, _then again there are what they call elks_.

[Erratum: 1823 ... #sunt quōs sciō esse amīcōs#, Pl. _Tri._ 91 printed . for ,]

SENTENCES OF CAUSE OR CONCESSION.

1824. (3.) Relative sentences of cause, reason, proof, or of concession, are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced by #cum#, _since_, _though_ (1877): as,

(_a._) #hospes, quī nihil suspicārētur, hominem retinēre coepit#, _V._ 1, 64, _the friend, suspecting nothing, undertook to hold on to the man_. Often justifying the use of a single word: as, #ō fortūnāte adulēscēns, quī tuae virtūtis Homērum praecōnem invēnerīs#, _Arch._ 24, _oh youth thrice-blest, with Homer trumpeter of thy prowess_. #ad mē vēnit Hēraclīus, homo nōbilis, quī sacerdōs Iovis fuisset#, _V._ 4, 137, _I had a call from Heraclius, a man of high standing, as is proved by his having been a priest of Jupiter_. (_b._) #Cicerō, quī mīlitēs in castrīs continuisset, quīnque cohortēs frūmentātum mittit#, 6, 36, 1, _though Cicero had kept his men in camp, he sends five cohorts foraging_.

1825. With #quī tamen#, however, the indicative is usual: as, #alter, quī tamen sē continuerat, nōn tenuit eum locum#, _Sest._ 114, _the other, though he had observed a quiet policy, did not hold the place_.

1826. Oftentimes, where a causal relation might be expected, a simple declaratory indicative is used: as,

#habeō senectūtī magnam grātiam, quae mihī̆ sermōnis aviditātem auxit#, _CM._ 46, _I feel greatly indebted to age, which has increased my eagerness for conversation_. Particularly thus in old Latin: as, #sed sumne ego stultus, quī rem cūrō pūblicam?# Pl. _Per._ 75, _but am I not a fool, who bother with the common weal?_ Compared with: #sed ego sum īnsipientior, quī rēbus cūrem pūplicis#, Pl. _Tri._ 1057, _but I’m a very fool, to bother with the common weal_. Often of coincident action (1733): as, #stultē fēcī, quī hunc āmīsī#, Pl. _MG._ 1376, _I’ve acted like a fool, in letting this man off_.

1827. The causal relative is often introduced by #quippe#, less frequently by #ut#, or #ut pote#, _naturally_: as,

#‘convīvia cum patre nōn inībat;’ quippe quī nē in oppidum quidem nisi perrārō venīret#, _RA._ 52, _‘he never went to dinner-parties with his father;’ why, of course not, since he never went to a simple country town even, except very rarely_. #dictātor tamen, ut quī magis animīs quam vīribus frētus ad certāmen dēscenderet, omnia circumspicere coepit#, L. 7, 14, 6, _but the dictator, naturally, since he went into the struggle trusting to mind rather than muscle, now began to be all on the alert_. With #quippe quī#, the indicative only is used by Sallust, and is preferred by Plautus and Terence. Cicero has, with one exception, the subjunctive, Tacitus and Nepos have it always. Livy has either mood. Not in Caesar. #ut quī# has the subjunctive. It occurs a few times in Plautus, Cicero, once in Caesar, oftenest in Livy. With the indicative once in Cicero, and once in Tacitus. #ut pote quī# has the subjunctive. It is used by Plautus, by Cicero, once with the indicative, by Sallust, and Catullus.

1828. The indefinite ablative #quī#, _somehow_, _surely_, sometimes follows #quippe# or #ut# in old Latin, in which case it must not be confounded with the relative: as, #quippe quī ex tē audīvī#, Pl. _Am._ 745, _why, sure I’ve heard from you_; it cannot be the relative here, as the speaker is a woman.

1829. The subjunctive is used in parenthetical sentences of restriction: as,

#quod sciam#, Pl. _Men._ 500; T. _Ad._ 641; _RA._ 17, _to the best of my knowledge and belief_. #quod sine molestiā tuā fīat#, _Fam._ 13, 23, 2, _as far as may be without trouble to yourself_. #quī# is often followed by #quidem#: as, #omnium ōrātōrum, quōs quidem ego cōgnōverim, acūtissimum iūdicō Q. Sertōrium#, _Br._ 180, _of all orators, at least of all that I have made the acquaintance of myself, I count Sertorius the sharpest_.

1830. The indicative, however, is used in #quod attinet ad#, _as to_, and usually with #quantum#, and with forms of #sum# and #possum#: as, #quod sine molestiā tuā facere poteris#, _Att._ 1, 5, 7, _as far as you can without troubling yourself_.

CORRELATIVE SENTENCES.

1831. Sentences are said to be _correlative_, when a relative pronoun or adverb has a corresponding determinative or demonstrative pronoun or adverb in the main sentence.

Thus, the ordinary correlative of #quī# is #is#, less frequently #hīc#, #ille#, #īdem#. Similarly #tot . . . quot# are used as correlatives; also #quō . . . eō#, #quantō . . . tantō#; #quantum . . . tantum#; #tam . . . quam#; #totiēns . . . quotiēns#; #tālis . . . quālis#; #ubī̆ . . . ibī̆#; #ut . . . ita#, #sīc#, or #item#; #cum ... tum#.

RELATIVE SENTENCES COMBINED.

(A.) COORDINATION OF A RELATIVE.

1832. (1.) When two coordinate relative sentences would have the second relative in the same case as the first, the second relative is usually omitted: as,

#Dumnorīgī quī prīncipātum optinēbat, ac maximē plēbī acceptus erat, persuādet#, 1, 3, 5, _he prevails with Dumnorix, who held the headship, and was popular with the commons_.

1833. (2.) When two coordinate relative sentences require two different cases of the relative, the relative is usually expressed with both, or else the second relative, which is usually nominative or accusative, is omitted, or #is#, #hīc#, #ille#, or #īdem#, is substituted for it: as,