Part 32
(_a._) #nōn tacēs? :: taceam?# T. _Ph._ 987, _you hold your tongue :: I hold my tongue?_ #nē flē :: egone illum nōn fleam?# Pl. _Cap._ 139, _weep not :: what, I not weep for him?_ #tū pulsēs omne quod obstat?# H. _S._ 2, 6, 30, _what, you, sir, punch whatever’s in your way?_ #faveās tū hostī? ille litterās ad tē mittat?# _Ph._ 7, 5, _you, sir, sympathize with the enemy? he correspond with you?_ #sapiēnsne nōn timeat?# _Ac._ 2, 135, _a sage not be afraid?_ (_b._) #ego mihī̆ umquam bonōrum praesidium dēfutūrum putārem?# _Mil._ 94, _could I have dreamed that I should ever lack the protection of the patriotic?_ (_c._) #‘apud exercitum mihī̆ fuerīs’ inquit ‘tot annōs?’# _Mur._ 21, _‘to think of your having been with the army, bless my soul?’ says he, ‘so many years.’_ (_d._) #mihī̆ cuiusquam salūs tantī fuisset, ut meam neglegerem?# _Sull._ 45, _could anybody’s safety have been so important in my eyes as to make me disregard my own?_
1568. (2.) The question may have #utī# or #ut#: as,
#tē ut ūlla rēs frangat? tū ut umquam tē corrigās?# _C._ 1, 22, _any thing break you down? you ever reform?_ #pater ut obesse fīlīo dēbeat?# _Planc._ 31, _a father morally bound to work against his son?_
1569. (3.) The question with #utī# or #ut# is sometimes attended by a remnant of another question with #-ne# or #-n#. In this combination, #-ne# either precedes, joined to an emphatic word, or it is attached directly to #utī# or #ut#: as,
(_a._) #egone ut tē interpellem?# _TD._ 2, 42, _what I? interrupt you?_ #illīne ut impūne concitent fīnitima bella?# L. 4, 2, 12, _what, they be allowed to stir up border warfare with impunity?_ #virgō haec līberast :: meane ancilla lībera ut sit, quam ego numquam ēmīsī manū?# Pl. _Cur._ 615, _this girl is free :: my servant-girl? she to be free, when I have never set her free?_ (_b._) #utne tegam spurcō Dāmae latus?# H. _S._ 2, 5, 18, _what, I’m to shield a nasty Dama’s side?_ #somnium. utine haec īgnōrāret su͡om patrem?# T. _Ph._ 874, _oh bosh, not to have known the father that begat her?_ See 1505 and 1532.
1570. It may be mentioned here, that the interrogative subjunctive is often used in subordinate sentences: see 1731.
[Erratum: 1565a ... _Fin._ 3, 15 _Fin_ 3,]
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.
COMMAND.
1571. The second person of the imperative mood is used in commands, either particular or general.
Commands are very often attended by a vocative or vocative nominative, or by #tū#, _sir_, _sirrah_, or #vōs#, _gentlemen_, _you people_ (1118). They are of various kinds, as follows: (_a._) Order, often to an inferior: thus, to an official: #līctor, conligā manūs#, _Rab._ 13, L. 1, 26, 7, Gell. 12, 3, 2, _lictor, tie up his wrists_. To soldiers: as, #dēsilīte mīlitēs#, 4, 25, 3, _overboard, my men_. #sīgnifer, statue sīgnum#, L. 5, 55, 1, _standardbearer, plant your standard_. #īnfer mīles sīgnum#, L. 6, 8, 1, _advance your standard, man_, or _charge_. To sailors: as, #hūc dīrigite nāvēs#, L. 29, 27, 13, _head your galleys this way_. To slaves: as, #convorrite aedēs scōpīs, agite strēnuē#, Pl. _B._ 10, _sweep up the house with brooms, be brisk_. Also to an equal: as, #aperīte aliquis#, Pl. _Mer._ 130, _open the door there somebody_ (1080). Or to a superior: as, #heus, exī, Phaedrome#, Pl. _Cur._ 276, _ho Phaedromus, come out_. (_b._) Exhortation, entreaty, summons, request, prayer, imprecation, wish, concession, &c.: as, #vōs vōbīs cōnsulite#, 7, 50, 5, _every man of you for himself_. #ēs, bibe, animō obsequere#, Pl. _MG._ 677, _eat, drink, and be merry_. #sperne voluptātēs#, H. _E._ 1, 2, 55, _scorn thou delights_. #quīn tū ī intrō#, Pl. _Most._ 815, _go in, go in, won’t you go in?_ (1527). #patent portae, proficīscere, ēdūc tēcum etiam omnīs tuōs#, _C._ 1, 10, _the gates are open, march forth; take out all your myrmidons with you too_. #audī, Iuppiter#, L. 1, 32, 6, _bow down thine ear, Jupiter_. #ī in crucem#, Pl. _As._ 940, _get you gone to the cross_. #vīve valēque#, H. _S._ 2, 5, 109, _long live and thrive_, or _farewell_. #tibī̆ habē#, Pl. _Men._ 690, _you keep it yourself_.
1572. The imperative is often softened by the addition of #amābō#, #obsecrō#, #quaesō#, _prithee_, _I beg_, or #sīs#, #sultis#, #sōdēs#, _please_ (97). It is sharpened by #age#, #agedum# or #agidum#, #age sīs#, _mark me_, or #ī#, _go_, _come on_, or by #modo#, _only_. The concessive imperative sometimes has #sānē#, _for all me_.
1573. In Plautus and Terence, the enclitic #dum#, _a while_, _a minute_, _just_, is often attached to the imperative: as, #manedum#, Pl. _As._ 585, _wait a minute_. In classical Latin, #dum# is retained with #age# and #agite#: as, #agedum cōnferte cum illīus vītā P. Sūllae#, _Sull._ 72, _come now, compare Sulla’s life with that man’s_ (1075).
1574. It may be mentioned here, that the imperative is often used in the protasis of a conditional sentence: as,
#tolle hanc opīniōnem, lūctum sustuleris#, _TD._ 1, 30, _do away with this notion, and you will do away with mourning for the dead_. Once only in old Latin, but often in late Latin, with a copulative: as, #perge, ac facile ecfēceris#, Pl. _B._ 695, _start on, and you will do it easily_.
1575. (1.) The third person, and the longer forms of the second person, are used particularly in laws, legal documents, and treaties, and also in impressive general rules and maxims: as,
(_a._) #rēgiō imperiō duō suntō#, _Leg._ 3, 8, _there shall be two men vested with the power of kings_. #amīcitia rēgī Antiochō cum populō Rōmānō hīs lēgibus estō#, L. 38, 38, 1, _there shall be amity between king Antiochus and Rome on the following terms_. (_b._) #vīcīnīs bonus estō#, Cato, _RR._ 4, _always be good to your neighbours_. #mōribus vīvitō antīquīs#, Pl. _Tri._ 295, _live thou in old-time ways_. The longer forms are often called the _Future Imperative_.
1576. (2.) The longer forms of the second person are also sometimes used in the ordinary speech of everyday life: as, #cavētō#, _QFr._ 1, 3, 8, _beware_. In old Latin, often #ēs#, _be thou_, but in classical Latin, oftener #estō# (or #sīs#). Usually #habētō#, meaning _keep_, or _consider_, regularly #scītō#, #scītōte#, _you must know_ (846). In verse, the long forms may sometimes be due to the metre: as, #hīc hodiē cēnātō#, Pl. _R._ 1417, _take dinner here today_. #pār prō parī refertō#, T. _Eu._ 445, _pay tit for tat_. But also without such necessity: as, #aufertō intrō#, Pl. _Tru._ 914, _take it within_. #quiētus estō, inquam#, T. _Ph._ 713, _be not concerned, I say_.
1577. (3.) It may be mentioned here, that the longer forms are very often used in the apodosis of a complex sentence, particularly with a future or a future perfect protasis: as,
#sī iste ībit, ītō#, Pl. _Ps._ 863, _if he shall go, go thou_. #medicō mercēdis quantum poscet, prōmittī iubētō#, _Fam._ 16, 14, 1, _you must order your medical man to be promised all he shall charge in the way of a fee_. #ubī̆ nihil erit quod scrībās, id ipsum scrībitō#, _Att._ 4, 8b, 4, _when you don’t have anything to write, then write just that_. #cum ego P. Grānium testem prōdūxerō, refellitō, sī poteris#, _V._ 5, 154, _when I put Granius on the witness stand, refute him if you can_.
1578. In such combinations, however, the shorter forms are sometimes found: as, #ubi volēs, accerse#, T. _Andr._ 848, _fetch me when you will_. And conversely the longer forms are also found with a present protasis: as, #ūnum illud vidētō, sī mē amās#, _Fam._ 16, 1, 2, _attend to this one thing, an thou lovest me_.
1579. A command is sometimes expressed by the subjunctive, accompanying #fac#, #facitō#, #fac ut#, #facitō ut#, #cūrā ut#, #cūrātō ut#, #vidē#, #vidē ut#, #volō#, or particularly #velim#: as,
#magnum fac animum habeās et spem bonam#, _QFr._ 1, 2, 16, _see that you keep up an heroic soul and unabated hope_ (1712). #fac cōgitēs#, _Fam._ 11, 3, 4, _see that you bear in mind_. #cūrā ut valeās#, _Fam._ 12, 29, 3, _take good care of yourself_. #velim exīstimēs#, _Fam._ 12, 29, 2, _I should like to have you consider_. For commands in the subjunctive alone, see 1547; in the future indicative, 1624; in the form of a question, 1531.
1580. A periphrastic perfect passive form is rare: as, #iūre caesus estō#, Twelve Tables in Macrob. _Sat._ 1, 4, 19, _he shall be regarded as killed with justifying circumstances_. #probē factum estō#, L. 22, 10, 6, _let it be considered justified_. #at vōs admonitī nostrīs quoque cāsibus este#, O. _Tr._ 4, 8, 51, _but be ye warned by our misfortunes too_.
[Errata: 1571 ... Pl. _MG._ 677, 677. 1577 ... _Att._ 4, 8b, 4, 4.]
PROHIBITION.
1581. (1.) In prohibitions with the second person, the imperative with #nē# is used in old Latin, and with #nēve# as a connective, rarely #neque#: as,
#nē flē#, Pl. _Cap._ 139, _weep not_. #nē saevī tantō opere#, T. _Andr._ 868, _be not thus wroth_. Sometimes in classical poetry also, in imitation of old style: as, #nē saevī, magna sacerdōs#, V. 6, 544, _rave not, thou priestess grand_. Once in Livy: #nē timēte#, 3, 2, 9, _be not afraid_.
1582. From Ovid on, #nōn# is used a few times for #nē#: as, #nōn cārīs aurēs onerāte lapillīs#, O. _AA._ 3, 129, _load not with precious stones your ears_.
1583. (2.) Prohibitions in the second person are usually expressed by #nōlī# or #nōlīte# with the infinitive, particularly in classical prose: as,
#obiūrgāre nōlī#, _Att._ 3, 11, 2, _don’t scold_. #nōlīte id velle quod fierī nōn potest#, _Ph._ 7, 25, _don’t yearn after the unattainable_.
1584. In poetry, equivalents for #nōlī# are sometimes used with the infinitive, such as #fuge#, #parce# or #comperce#, #conpesce#, #mitte# or #omitte#, #absiste#: as, #quid sit futūrum crās, fuge quaerere#, H. 1, 9, 13, _what fate the morrow brings, forbear to ask_. Livy has once #parce#, 34, 32, 20.
1585. (3.) A prohibition in the second person is often expressed by the subjunctive accompanying #cavē̆#, #fac nē#, #vidē nē#, #vidētō nē#, #cūrā nē#, #cūrātō nē#, or #nōlim#, and in old Latin #cavē̆ nē#: as,
#cavē festīnēs#, _Fam._ 16, 12, 6, _don’t be in a hurry_. #cavētō nē suscēnseās#, Pl. _As._ 372, _see that thou beest not wroth_. #hoc nōlim mē iocārī putēs#, _Fam._ 9, 15, 4, _I should hate to have you think I am saying this in fun_. For prohibitions in the second person with #nē# and the present or perfect subjunctive, see 1551. For the subjunctive coordinated with #cavē̆#, see 1711.
1586. In law language, prohibitions are expressed by the third person of the imperative with #nē#, and with #nēve# as a connective: as,
#hominem mortuom in urbe nē sepelītō nēve ūritō#, Twelve Tables in _Leg._ 2, 58, _he shall not bury nor yet shall he burn a dead man in town_. #mulierēs genās nē rāduntō nēve lessum fūneris ergō habentō#, Twelve Tables in _Leg._ 2, 59, _women shall not tear their cheeks nor shall they keen in lamentation for the dead_ (1257). Likewise with #nēmō#: as, #nēminī pārentō#, Twelve Tables in _Leg._ 3, 8, _they shall not be subject to anybody_. See also 1548.
TENSE.
THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE.
THE PRESENT TENSE.
1587. The present indicative represents action as going on at the time of speaking or writing: as,
#scrībō#, _I write_, or _I am writing_. #nunc prīmum audiō#, T. _Andr._ 936, _for the first time I hear_. #notat ad caedem ūnum quemque nostrūm#, _C._ 1, 2, _he is marking us out for death, each and all_. #domus aedificātur#, _Att._ 4, 2, 7, _the house is building_.
1588. The present is used to denote action customary or repeated at any time, or a general truth: as,
#agrī cultūrae nōn student#, 6, 22, 1, _they do not apply themselves to farming_. #virī in uxōrēs vītae necisque habent potestātem#, 6, 19, 3, _the married men have power of life and death over their wives_. #probitās laudātur et alget#, J. 1, 74, _uprightness gets extolled, and left out in the cold_. #dum vītant stultī vitia, in contrāria currunt#, H. _S._ 1, 2, 24, _while fools essay a vice to shun, into its opposite they run_. #mors sōla fatētur quantula sint hominum corpuscula#, J. 10, 172, _death is the only thing that tells what pygmy things men’s bodies be_. #stultōrum plēna sunt omnia#, _Fam._ 9, 22, 4, _the world is full of fools_. #rīsū ineptō rēs ineptior nūllast#, Cat. 39, 16, _there’s nothing sillier than a silly laugh_.
1589. The present, when accompanied by some expression of duration of time, is often used to denote action which has been going on some time and is still going on.
This present is translated by the English perfect: as, #Lilybaeī multōs iam annōs habitat#, _V._ 4, 38, _he has lived at Lilybaeum this many a year_. #iam dūdum auscultō#, H. _S._ 2, 7, 1, _I have been listening for an age_. #satis diū hōc iam saxum vorsō#, T. _Eu._ 1085, _I’ve trundled at this boulder long enough as ’t is_. #nimium diū tē castra dēsīderant#, _C._ 1, 10, _the camp has felt your absence altogether too long_. #iam diū īgnōrō quid agās#, _Fam._ 7, 9, 1, _I have not known this long time how you are getting on_. This use extends to the subjunctive and to nouns of the verb also. But if the action is conceived as completed, the perfect is used: as, #sērō resistimus ē̆ī quem per annōs decem aluimus#, _Att._ 7, 5, 5, _it is too late to oppose a man whom we have been supporting ten long years_.
1590. The present is often used to represent past action as going on now. This is called the _Present of Vivid Narration_: as,
#trānsfīgitur scūtum Puliōni et verūtum in balteō dēfīgitur. āvertit hīc cāsus vāgīnam, inpedītumque hostēs circumsistunt#, 5, 44, 7, _Pulio has his shield run through, and a javelin sticks fast in his sword belt. This mischance puts his scabbard out of reach, and the enemy encompass him in this hampered condition_. This present often stands side by side with a past tense. It is common in subordinate sentences also.
1591. The present is sometimes used in brief historical or personal memoranda, to note incidents day by day or year by year as they occur. This is called the _Annalistic Present_: as,
#Proca deinde rēgnat. is Numitōrem prōcreat. Numitōrī rēgnum vetustum Silviae gentis lēgat#, L. 1, 3, 9, _after this Proca is king; this man begets Numitor; to Numitor he bequeaths the ancient throne of the Silvian race_. #duplicātur cīvium numerus. Caelius additur urbī mōns#, L. 1, 30, 1, _number of citizens doubled; Mt. Caelius added to city_. #in Māmurrārum lassī deinde urbe manēmus#, H. _S._ 1, 5, 37, _in the Mamurras’ city then forspent we sleep_. Particularly common with dates: as, #A. Vergīnius inde et T. Vetusius cōnsulātum ineunt#, L. 2, 28, 1, _then Verginius and Vetusius enter on the consulship_. #M. Sīlānō L. Nōrbānō cōnsulibus Germānicus Aegyptum proficīscitur#, Ta. 2, 59, _in the consulship of Silanus and Norbanus, Germanicus leaves for Egypt_.
1592. Verbs of hearing, seeing, and saying are often put in the present, even when they refer to action really past: as,
#audiō Valerium Mārtiālem dēcessisse#, Plin. _Ep._ 3, 21, 1, _I hear that Martial is dead_, i.e. the epigrammatist, 102 A.D. Particularly of things mentioned in books, or in quoting what an author says: as, #Hercyniam silvam, quam Eratosthenī nōtam esse videō#, 6, 24, 2, _the Hercynian forest, which I see was known to Eratosthenes_. #Platō ‘ēscam malōrum’ appellat voluptātem#, _CM._ 44, _Plato calls pleasure the ‘bait of sin.’_
1593. The present is sometimes loosely used of future action: as,
#crās est mihī̆ iūdicium#, T. _Eu._ 338, _tomorrow I’ve a case in court_. #ego sȳcophantam iam condūcō dē forō#, Pl. _Tri._ 815, _for me, a sharper from the market place I’ll straight engage_. #quam mox inruimus?# T. _Eu._ 788, _how soon do we pitch in?_ This present is also used in subordinate sentences with #antequam# and #priusquam# (1912, 1915), with #dum#, _until_ (2006), and sometimes with #sī#.
THE IMPERFECT TENSE.
1594. The imperfect indicative represents action as going on in past time: as,
#scrībēbam#, _I was writing_, or _I wrote_. #ei mihi quālis erat#, V. 2, 274, _woe’s me, how ghastly he appeared_. #multōsque per annōs errābant āctī fātīs#, V. 1, 31, _and they for many a year were roaming round, by fates pursued_.
1595. The imperfect often denotes past action lasting while something else occurred: as,
#an tum erās cōnsul, cum mea domus ardēbat?# _Pis._ 26, _were you perhaps consul at the time my house was burning down?_ #neque vērō tum īgnōrābat sē ad exquīsīta supplicia proficīscī#, _Off._ 3, 100, _and all the time he knew perfectly well that he was starting off to suffer studied torments_.
1596. The imperfect is used to denote repeated or customary past action or condition: as,
#commentābar dēclāmitāns cōtīdiē#, _Br._ 310, _I always practised speaking my compositions every day_. #noctū ambulābat in pūblicō Themistoclēs#, _TD._ 4, 44, _Themistocles used to promenade the streets nights_.
1597. The imperfect, when accompanied by some expression of duration of time, is used to denote action which had been going on for some time, and was still going on.
This imperfect, which is translated by the English pluperfect, is analogous to the present in 1589: as, #pater grandis nātū iam diū lectō tenēbātur#, _V._ 5, 16, _his aged father had long been bedridden_. #hōram amplius iam permultī hominēs mōliēbantur#, _V._ 4, 95, _something over an hour a good many men had been prizing away_. But if the action is conceived as completed at a past time, the pluperfect is used: as, #diem iam quīntum cibō caruerat#, 6, 38, 1, _four whole days he had gone without eating_.
1598. In a few examples, the imperfect is used to denote action suddenly recognized, though going on before: as, #ehem, Parmenō, tūn hīc erās?# T. _Hec._ 340, _why bless me, Parmeno, were you here all this time?_
1599. In descriptions of place or in general truths, where the present might be expected, the imperfect is sometimes used, by assimilation to past action in the context: as, #ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summō#, 7, 69, 1, _Alesia proper was situated on the top of a hill_. Often also in subordinate sentences.
1600. For the imperfect indicative of certain verbs relating to action not performed at the present time, see 1497; for the conative use, see 2302.
1601. In letters, the imperfect may denote action at the time of writing, the writer transferring himself to the time of the reader: as,
#haec tibi dictābam post fānum putre Vacūnae#, H. _E._ 1, 10, 49, _I dictate this for thee behind Vacuna’s crumbling shrine_. #nihil habēbam quod scrīberem#, _Att._ 9, 10, 1, _I have nothing to write_. Similarly in the delivery of messages: as, #scrībae ōrābant#, H. _S._ 2, 6, 36, _the clerks request_. The present, however, is very often used where the imperfect would be applicable. Compare 1616.
THE PERFECT TENSE.
1602. The Latin perfect indicative represents two English tenses: thus, the preterite, _I wrote_, and the perfect, _I have written_, are both expressed by the perfect #scrīpsī#. In the first sense, this perfect is called the _Historical Perfect_; in the second sense, it is called the _Perfect Definite_.
THE HISTORICAL PERFECT.
1603. The historical perfect simply expresses action as having occurred at an indefinite past time, without implying anything as to the duration of the action: as,
#scrīpsī#, _I wrote_. #vēnī, vīdī, vīcī#, Caesar in Suet. _Iul._ 37, _came, saw, overcame_. #apud Helvētiōs longē nōbilissimus fuit Orgetorīx#, 1, 2, 1, _among the Helvetians, the man of highest birth by all odds was Orgetorix_. #Diodōrus prope triennium domō caruit#, _V._ 4, 41, _for nearly three years Diodorus had to keep away from home_. #in Graeciā mūsicī flōruērunt, discēbantque id omnēs#, _TD._ 1, 4, _in Greece musicians stood high, and everybody studied the art_ (1596).
1604. It may be mentioned here, that in subordinate sentences the historical perfect is sometimes loosely used from the writer’s point of view, instead of the more exact pluperfect demanded by the context: as, #aliquantum spatiī ex eō locō, ubī̆ pugnātum est, aufūgerat#, L. 1, 25, 8, _he had run off some distance from the spot where the fighting had occurred_. See 1925.
THE PERFECT DEFINITE.
1605. The perfect definite expresses action which is already completed at the present time, and the effects of which are regarded as continuing: as,
#scrīpsī#, _I have written_. #dīxērunt#, _Clu._ 73, #dīxēre#, Quintil. 1, 5, 43, _they have finished speaking_. #spectātōrēs, fābula haec est ācta#, Pl. _Most._ 1181, _ladies and gentlemen, this play is done_.
1606. In old Latin, #habeō# with the perfect participle is sometimes equivalent to a periphrastic perfect: as, #illa omnia missa habeō#, Pl. _Ps._ 602, _I’ve dropped all that_, i.e. #mīsī#. But in classical Latin, the participle and a tense of #habeō# are more or less distinct in their force: as, #Caesar aciem īnstrūctam habuit#, 1, 48, 3, _Caesar kept his line drawn up_, not _had drawn up_. Compare 2297.
1607. With verbs of inceptive meaning the perfect definite is equivalent to the English present: as,
#cōnsistō#, _take my stand_, #cōnstitī#, _stand_, #cōnsuēscō#, _get used_, #cōnsuēvī#, _am used_, #nōscō#, _learn_, #nōvī#, _know_. Similarly #meminī#, _remember_, and #ōdī#, _hate_. The pluperfect of such verbs is represented by the English imperfect, and the future perfect by the English future.
1608. The perfect often denotes a present resulting state: as, #vīcīne, periī, interiī#, Pl. _Most._ 1031, _my neighbour, I am dead and gone_.
## Particularly in the passive voice: as, #Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in
partēs trēs#, 1, 1, 1, _Gaul, including everything under the name, is divided into three parts_. Compare 1615.
1609. In the perfect passive, forms of #fuī#, &c., are sometimes used to represent a state no longer existing: as, #monumentō statua superimposita fuit, quam dēiectam nūper vīdimus ipsī#, L. 38, 56, 3, _on the monument there once stood a statue which I saw not long ago with my own eyes, lying flat on the ground_. Similarly, in the pluperfect, #fueram#, &c.: as, #arma quae fīxa in parietibus fuerant, ea sunt humī inventa#, _Div._ 1, 74, _the arms which had once been fastened on the walls were found on the floor_. Sometimes, however, forms of #fuī#, &c., #fueram#, &c., and #fuerō#, &c., are used by Plautus, Cicero, especially in his letters, Nepos, Sallust, and particularly Livy, in passives and deponents, quite in the sense of #sum#, &c.
1610. The perfect of some verbs may imply a negative idea emphatically by understatement, as:
#fuit Īlium#, V. 2, 325, _Ilium has been_, i.e. Ilium is no more. #vīximus, flōruimus#, _Fam._ 14, 4, 5, _we have lived our life, we have had our day_. #fīlium ūnicum adulēscentulum habeō. āh, quid dīxī? habēre mē? immō habuī#, T. _Hau._ 93, _I have one only son, a growing boy. Ah me, what did I say, I have? Oh no, have had._
1611. The perfect may denote an action often done, or never done: as,
#iam saepe hominēs patriam cārōsque parentēs prōdiderunt#, Lucr. 3, 85, _time and again have men their land betrayed and parents dear_. #nōn aeris acervus et aurī dēdūxit corpore febrīs#, H. _E._ 1, 2, 47, _no pile of brass and gold hath fevers from the body drawn_. #multī, cum obesse vellent, prōfuērunt et, cum prōdesse, obfuērunt#, _DN._ 3, 70, _many a man has done good, when he meant to do harm, and when he meant to do good, has done harm_. Common from Cicero, Sallust, and Catullus on, especially in poetry.
1612. The perfect is sometimes used as a lively future perfect to express completed future action: as,