II.

The father continued: “I leave to my son James my money[1], amounting[2] to four thousand pounds[3].” “Ah, father,” said[4] James, of course in[4] great affliction, “may (App. § 34) heaven give you life and health to enjoy the gift yourself.” The[5] father, then addressing the spendthrift, said: “As[6] for you, Dick, you[7] will never come to good; you will never be rich. I leave you a shilling to (S. 19, N. 7) buy[8] a halter.” “Ah, father,” said Dick in _a_ most[9] melancholy voice, “may heaven give you life and health to enjoy the gift yourself!”—ANONYMOUS.

[1] ‘money’, here = ready money, +bares Geld+.

[2] to amount to something, +sich ~auf~ etwas belaufen+. See S. 16, N. 4.

[3] +=Das Pfund=+, one pound English money, never takes the sign of the Plural in German, and the same refers to ‘+=die Mark=+’, a German coin corresponding to one shilling English.

[4] said = exclaimed; in = with.

[5] Say ‘Upon this the father addressed himself (+sich wenden+) to (+an+) the spendthrift and said’.

[6] As — Dick, +Was dich betrifft, Richard.+

[7] Introduce this clause by the adverbial conjunction +so+, and see App. § 15; to come to good, +zu etwas Rechtem kommen+.

[8] =The German language, as a rule, requires that the person for whose benefit an action is performed, is clearly indicated. When this is not done by a noun in the dative case, it is generally done by means of the dative of a personal pronoun=; as—

I will buy a hat.

+Ich will ~mir~ einen Hut kaufen.+

We have built a house.

+Wir haben ~uns~ ein Haus gebaut.+

Supply, therefore, the necessary pronoun after the conjunction +um+; a halter = a rope, +Strick+, m.

[9] Render ‘most’ here by ‘+höchst+’.

_Section 59._

WHEAT.

Wheat is the most valuable[1] of all grains, because[2] from it, chiefly, we obtain the flour of which bread is made. In order to make[3] flour, the grains of wheat[4] are crushed[5] between stones in a mill. The crushed mass is then separated[6] into two parts,—bran[7] and flour. Bran is the outer husk of the grain, which is used (S. 4, N. 4) for[8] fattening cattle, etc.[9] It[10] does no harm, however, to mix the bran with the flour; the mixture is more nourishing than the pure flour. The bran makes the flour and the bread darker _in colour_; but this is no disadvantage, for brown bread is both[11] cheaper and more nourishing than white bread. Bread[12] is often artificially whitened by[13] the addition of alum and other injurious substances. Wheat is[14] chiefly grown in France, Germany, Austria, Southern Russia, (S. 46, N. 6) the British Isles, Australia, the United States, Canada, Egypt, and Northern Africa.—NELSON’S READERS.

[1] +wertvoll+; ‘grain’, here +Kornart+, f.

[2] Say ‘because it yields (+liefern+) us chiefly the flour for our bread’.

[3] +bereiten.+

[4] Form a compound noun of ‘wheat’ and ‘grains’ (+Körner+).

[5] +zermahlen.+

[6] +sondern.+

[7] The prep. ‘in’ must be repeated before this and the following noun.

[8] for — cattle, +zur Viehfütterung+.

[9] +u. s. w.+, i.e. +und so weiter+.

[10] It — however, +Übrigens schadet es nichts+.

[11] both ... and, +sowohl ... als auch+.

[12] Say ‘Bread receives (+erhalten+) often an artificial whiteness through an addition’, etc.

[13] When ‘=by=’ is equivalent to ‘=through=’, it must be rendered by +=durch=+.

[14] Say ‘grows chiefly’, in order to make the construction more concise than it would be by using a p. p., which would have its place at the end of the whole clause, and would thus make the construction too lengthy.

_Section 60._

OCCUPATION OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS.

Fishing (S. 40, N. 9) was a principal occupation, owing[1] to the frequent abstinences from flesh-meat, enjoined[2] by (S. 59, N. 13) a superstitious ritual[3]. Eels were taken[4] in immense numbers in the marsh lands of the Eastern counties; salmon in the river Dee; herrings along the shores of Suffolk, Kent, and Sussex, in[5] their annual migration; while larger species, as[6] the whale and grampus[7], were captured in the open sea. Hunting and falconry were the field-sports[8] of the great. The beasts of the forest or chase, which were protected by fines, and reserved[9] for privileged persons, were the[10] stag, roebuck, hare, and rabbit. The wolf, fox, and boar might[11] be killed by[12] any one with impunity, if (S. 27, N. 7) found without[13] the limits of the chase or forest. The wild duck and heron were the[14] common quarry.—MILNER, HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

[1] Say ‘in consequence of the frequent fasting’.

[2] +an´ordnen.+ See S. 7, N. 3, _B_.

[3] +Ritus+, m.

[4] ‘to take’, here = to catch; numbers = multitudes, +Menge+, f.; marsh lands, +Marschgegenden+.

[5] in = upon.

[6] as = like, +wie+.

[7] +der Schwertfisch+ (Delphinus orca).

[8] +Vergnügungen+.

[9] +reservieren+.

[10] I propose to use the following seven nouns in the plural and without the article, in order to avoid the frequent repetition of the same.

[11] Use the Imperf. of +dürfen+.

[12] by — impunity, +von jedermann ungestraft+.

[13] without = outside, +außerhalb+.

[14] Say ‘the booty of all’.

_Section 61._

TENDER[1], TRUSTY, AND TRUE.