III.

He was fond of wine (S. 3, N. 2) and drank daily his two or three bottles. Lest[1] this statement should convey a false impression, I hasten to[2] recall to the reader’s recollection the very different habits of our fathers in respect to drinking. It was no[3] unusual thing to be called “a three-bottle-man” in those days in England, when[4] the three bottles were _of_ port or Burgundy; and Goethe, a[5] Rhinelander, accustomed from boyhood to wine, drank a wine which his English contemporaries would have called water. The[6] amount he drank never did more than exhilarate him, and never made him unfit for work or for society. Over[7] his wine, then, he sat some hours; no _such thing as_ dessert was seen upon his table in those days; not even the customary coffee after dinner. His mode[8] of living was extremely simple; and even when persons[9] of very moderate circumstances burned wax[10], two[11] poor tallow candles were all that could be seen in his rooms. In the evening he often went to the theatre, and there[12] his _customary_ glass of punch was brought (S. 4, N. 4, +man+) at six o’clock (App. § 9). If (S. 27, N. 7) not at the theatre, he received friends at[13] home. Between eight and nine a frugal supper was laid[14], but[15] he never took anything except a little salad or preserves. By[16] ten o’clock he was usually in bed.—G. H. LEWES, “LIFE OF GOETHE.”

[1] Lest — impression = In order that (+Damit+) this observation may (Present Subj. of +mögen+; read App. §§ 33 and 34) not make a false impression.—For the position of the verbs see App. § 18.

[2] to — drinking = to remind the reader of (+an+) the very different (+ganz andern+) habits of our fathers in respect of drinking.—To transl. ‘drinking’ form a noun of the infinitive of the verb ‘to drink’, and use it with the def. art., according to S. 3, N. 2, and S. 11, N. 7.

[3] no — thing, +nichts Ungewöhnliches+; in those days, +damals+, which place with ‘in England’ after ‘was’.

[4] ‘when’, here +wo+. Notice that: =The relative conjunction ‘+wo+’ is often used in reference to time as a translation of ‘when’ in the sense of ‘at= (=in= _or_ =during=) =which time’=; as—+Es geschah zu einer Zeit, ~wo~+ (+zu+ or +in welcher+) +Sie abwesend waren+, it happened at a time _when_ you were absent. =It is also used relatively, in reference to place, instead of a relative pronoun preceded by a preposition=; as—+Kennst du das Land, ~wo~ (in welchem) die Zitronen blühen?+ (Goethe) Know you the land _where_ (in which) the citrons bloom? +Dies ist das Haus, wo (in dem) er wohnt+, this is the house where (in which) he lives.

[5] a — wine, +als Rheinländer von Jugend auf an Wein gewöhnt+.

[6] The — him = What he drank had never any (= an) other effect than (+als+) to exhilarate him; to exhilarate, +angenehm an´regen+.

[7] So he sat for hours (+stundenlang+) over his (+beim+) wine.

[8] +Lebensweise+, f.

[9] +Leute+; of = in.

[10] wax = wax candles.

[11] two — rooms = one saw in his rooms only two poor (+dürftig+) tallow candles.

[12] +dahin+.

[13] +bei sich zu Hause+.

[14] to lay a frugal supper, +ein einfaches Abendessen auftragen+; to lay the table (the cloth), +den Tisch decken+.

[15] Say ‘but he (himself) took (+essen+ or +genießen+, S. 3, N. 8.) only a little salad or preserves’.

[16] +Um+.

_Section 132._

THE[1] PROGRESS IN THE ART OF PRINTING.

(Conclusion[2] of a speech delivered at the Caxton Celebration, June 30, 1877, in London.)

I now call[3] attention, in[4] a few words, to the progress of this art. I hold _up_ a volume in my (S. 43, N. 9) hand, to[5] which I beg everyone to direct his eye, because I think it[6] may be called the climax and consummation of this art. This[7] volume is bound, as you see, and stamped with the arms of the University _of_ Oxford. It is a Bible bound[8] in a manner that commends itself to the reader—I believe[9] in every sense an excellent piece of workmanship, containing more than _one_[10] thousand pages. Well[11], you will say: “That is very[12] commonplace, why bring it before us?” I do so[13] in order to tell[14] you that this book sixteen hours ago did not exist—it[15] was not bound, it was not folded, it was not printed. Since the clock struck twelve last night at[16] the University Press in Oxford, the people (+man+) there have printed and sent us this book. They (+man+) have sent several copies[17] to[18] be distributed here in the midst of your festival. That shows what can be done, and _that is_ what has been done, and[19] it shows the state to which this great art is now happily arrived. If[20] I began with a humiliating confession as to the small share we could claim in contributing to the early history of printing, we may[21] leave off, ladies and gentlemen, in a better spirit, because I think that such a performance as this is[22] one that will be admitted to be a credit in any portion of the world. Now I will trouble you no longer, but (S. 6, N. 10) will ask[23] you to[24] drink with me to the memory of this most distinguished name: “To[25] the memory of[26] William Caxton, the (S. 53, N. 9) first English printer, and a native[27] of _this_ our beloved country[28].”—THE RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE.

[1] +Die Fortschritte in der Buchdruckerkunst.+ =The noun ‘progress’ is generally rendered by the corresponding plural form in German.=

[2] +Schluß einer am 30. Juni 1877 bei Gelegenheit der Caxtonfeier in London gehaltenen Rede. ~William Caxton~, der erste Buchdrucker Englands, wurde im Jahre 1412 zu Weald m Kent geboren, wohnte aber später als Bürger und Kaufmann in London, woselbst er auch im Jahre 1492 starb.+

[3] to call a person’s attention to a thing, +einen auf etwas aufmerksam machen+. Begin with the adv. ‘now’, and supply the personal object ‘+Sie+’.

[4] in a = with; of = in.

[5] = which I beg you all to look at (+betrachten+, v. tr.).

[6] it — art = we may (+dürfen+) consider (+an´sehen+) it the climax and consummation (+als die höchste Stufe der Vollendung+) of (= in) this art.

[7] Say ‘As you see, this volume (here +Einband+) is stamped with the arms’, etc.

[8] bound — reader = the binding of which must commend (App. § 18) itself at once (+sich von selbst+) to the reader.

[9] Here insert ‘it is’; sense = respect, +Beziehung+, f.; piece of workmanship = ‘work of art’, which render by forming a comp. n. according to S. 36, N. 7, _A_.

[10] =’One’ or ‘a’ before ‘hundred’ and ‘thousand’ is, as a rule, not translated in German.=

[11] Say ‘But (which place after the copula ‘will’) you will perhaps say’.

[12] +etwas ganz Gewöhnliches, wozu es uns noch zeigen?+

[13] =The English ‘so’ in connection with a transitive verb is generally to be rendered by ‘+es+’. If we want to emphasize the object, however, we use either of the demonstrative pronouns ‘+das+’ or ‘+dies+’, and place it at the head of the clause=; as—Do you think _so_? +Glauben Sie ~es~?+ No, I do not, +Nein, ~das~ glaube ich nicht+.

[14] +sagen+ or +mit´teilen+.

[15] Say ‘it was neither bound, nor ... nor ...’

[16] Render ‘at the’ by the gen. of the def. art.; and place the clause ‘at — Oxford’ after ‘clock’. Last night, +vergangene Nacht+.

[17] ‘=Copy=’ in the signification of ‘specimen’ is rendered by +=Exemplar=+, n.; pl. +e+ (= +e+); +=Kopie=+, f., is the written copy of any book, document or MS.

[18] Say ‘in order to distribute them here during this festival’.

[19] and — arrived = and it shows the high degree (+Stufe+, f.) of (+der+) perfection which this great art has reached now-a-days (+heutzutage+) (App. § 17).

[20] If — printing = If I began with the humiliating confession that we in respect to (+auf+) our contribution to the (+zur+) early (+früheren+) history of the art of printing can claim (+beanspruchen dürfen+, which comes last) only a small (+gering+) share.

[21] may = can; leave off = conclude; spirit = mood, +Stimmung+, f.; performance, +Leistung+, f.

[22] is — world, +überall in der Welt mit Ehren anerkannt werden wird+.

[23] ‘=To ask=’ in the signification of ‘asking a question’ is rendered by +=fragen=+ or +=eine Frage stellen=+, but in that of ‘=to request=’ by +=bitten=+.

[24] to — name = to empty your glasses with me to the (+zum+) memory (+Andenken+) of (+an+) this most (+höchst+) distinguished name; (‘your glasses to empty’ must be placed at the end.)

[25] +Zum Gedächtnis.+

[26] Use the Anglo-Saxon genitive here.

[27] native = son.

[28] country = fatherland.

_Section 133._

ROBERT DICK, THE BAKER, GEOLOGIST, AND BOTANIST.

Not long ago, Sir Roderick Murchinson discovered at Thurso, in the far north of Scotland, a profound[1] geologist, in the person of a baker there[2], named Robert Dick. When (S. 4, N. 2) Sir Roderick called upon him at[3] the bakehouse in which (S. 131, N. 4) he baked and earned his bread, Robert Dick delineated[4] _to him_ by[5] means of flour upon a board, the geographical features[6] and geological phenomena of his native country, pointing[7] out its imperfections in[8] the existing maps, which[9] he had ascertained by travelling over the country in his leisure hours. On[10] further inquiry, Sir Roderick ascertained[11] that the humble[12] individual before him was not only a capital baker and geologist, but also a first-rate[13] botanist. “I found,” said the Director-General of the Geographical Society, “to my great humiliation, that this baker[14] knew infinitely more of (S. 40, N. 9) botanical science, ay, ten times more, than I _did_; and that there were (S. 82, N. 7) only some twenty or thirty specimens[15] of flowers which he had not collected. Some he had obtained[16] as presents, some (= others) he had purchased, but the greater portion had been accumulated[17] by his industry, in his native county _of_ Caithness; and the specimens[18] were all arranged[19] in the most beautiful order, with[20] their scientific names affixed.”—S. SMILES, “SELF-HELP.”

[1] +gründlich.+

[2] +dortig+, which use attributively before the noun ‘baker’; named, +namens+.

[3] +in+.

[4] +entwerfen+, insep. comp. str. v.

[5] +mittels eines mit Mehl bestreuten Brettes.+

[6] +Umrisse.+

[7] Say ‘whereby he pointed out the imperfections’. To point out a thing, +auf etwas verweisen+, insep. comp. str. v.

[8] Use the gen. of the def. art.

[9] which — hours = of which (+wovon+) he had convinced himself on (+auf+) his travels through the country in his leisure hours (+Mußestunden+).

[10] +Nach weiterer Prüfung.+

[11] ascertained = learnt, +erfuhr+, from +erfahren+.

[12] humble = modest; individual = man.

[13] first-rate = considerable, +bedeutend+.

[14] Here follow the words ‘of — science’ after which transl. the adv. ‘infinitely’, which is followed by ‘ay (+ja+) ten times more’ and the verb ‘knew’.

[15] specimens of flowers, +Blumenarten+.

[16] To obtain a thing as present, +etwas geschenkt erhalten+.

[17] accumulated = collected. Where, and in what order, must the verbs be placed? Which voice must you use?—native, +heimisch+.

[18] +Exemplar+, n.; pl. +e+.

[19] +zusam´menstellen+, sep. comp. w. v.

[20] and the scientific names everywhere (+überall+) affixed (+hinzu´fügen+), sep. comp. w. v.

_Section 134._

THE GOSPEL OF WORK.